| 51. |
- Kanchiralla, Fayas Malik, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Role of biofuels, electro-fuels, and blue fuels for shipping: environmental and economic life cycle considerations
- 2024
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Ingår i: Energy and Environmental Sciences. - 1754-5692 .- 1754-5706. ; 17:17, s. 6393-6418
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The global shipping industry is under increasing scrutiny for its contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, and it is a challenge to find sustainable and cost-efficient solutions to meet new and stringent climate reduction targets. This study uses life cycle assessment and life cycle costing to evaluate five main decarbonization strategies to reduce climate impact from ships: uptake of e-fuels, blue-fuels, biofuels, battery electric propulsion, and onboard carbon capture technology. The environmental impact, the economic performance, and the total costs of abating carbon emissions of a total of 23 decarbonization pathways are investigated. The life cycle assessment and life cycle costing are performed on prospective scenarios considering three ship types: bulk carrier, container ship, and cruise ship, and incorporate future development uncertainties. The results show that electro-fuels in the form of e-ammonia, e-methanol, and e-liquid hydrogen in fuel cells offer the highest climate mitigation potential of more than 85% compared to the use of marine gas oil in internal combustion engines. Biofuel options have a reduction potential of up to 78%, while blue-fuel and onboard carbon capture have lower climate reduction potentials of up to 62% and 56%, respectively. Bio-methanol has the most promising cost outlook with a carbon abatement cost of around 100 per tCO2eq. Onboard carbon capture technologies have a carbon abatement cost of around 150-190 per tCO2eq. While they can serve as a short-term transitional solution, they have a higher environmental impact and offer limited potential for climate mitigation. E-Ammonia appears as one of the most cost-effective solutions among e-fuels. Development of policy measures and investments in renewable energy infrastructure are necessary for the growth of e-fuels production, as affordable and renewable electricity is vital for the viability of e-fuels in shipping. The uncertainty and sensitivity analysis show the influence of primary energy sources on carbon abatement costs which will be key to understand the effectiveness of policies and to develop strategies to support the shipping industry's transition to a sustainable future. This study analyses different decarbonization strategies for shipping including uptake of e-fuels, blue fuels and biofuels, battery electric propulsion and onboard carbon capture technology from a life cycle perspective.
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| 52. |
- Karlsson, Ida, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Mistra Carbon Exit Technical roadmap - Buildings and transport infrastructure
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report explores different possible trajectories of technological developments in the supply chains of buildings and transportation infrastructure. By linking short-term and long-term goals with specific technology options, the Mistra Carbon Exit roadmaps describe key decision points and potential synergies, competing goals and lock-in effects. The analysis combines quantitative analytical methods, i.e. scenarios and stylized models, with participatory processes involving relevant stakeholders in the roadmap assessment process. The roadmaps outline material and energy flows along with costs associated with different technical and strategical choices and explore interlinkages and interactions across sectors. The results show how strategic choices with respect to process technologies, energy carriers and the availability of biofuels, carbon capture, transport and storage (CCS) and carbon neutral electricity may have very different implications on energy use and CO2 emissions over time.
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| 53. |
- Karlsson, Ida, 1980, et al.
(författare)
-
Mistra Carbon Exit Technical roadmap - Cement industry
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report explores different possible trajectories of technological developments in the primary production of cement. By linking short-term and long-term goals with specific technology options, the Mistra Carbon Exit roadmaps describe key decision points and potential synergies, competing goals and lock-in effects. The analysis combines quantitative analytical methods, i.e. scenarios and stylized models, with participatory processes involving relevant stakeholders in the roadmap assessment process. The roadmaps outline material and energy flows along with costs associated with different technical and strategical choices and explore interlinkages and interactions across sectors. The results show how strategic choices with respect to process technologies, energy carriers and the availability of biofuels, carbon capture, transport and storage (CCS) and carbon neutral electricity may have very different implications on energy use and CO2 emissions over time.
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| 54. |
- Klint, Erik, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Sharing is caring - the importance of capital goods when assessing environmental impacts from private and shared laundry systems in Sweden
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1614-7502 .- 0948-3349. ; 26, s. 1085-1099
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Previous studies on environmental impacts from domestic laundry have tended to focus solely on private washing machines and detergent. However, public procurement guidelines about the construction of laundry spaces may also be important. This article aims to expand the scope of previous work so that it also includes tumble drying and the building space. By doing this, we examine the potential for shared systems (which are common in Sweden) to reduce the environmental impacts of laundry activities, in comparison with consumer choices associated with machine operation (i.e., wash temperature and amount of detergent). Methods: An LCA model was created using product information data from the European Union. Emissions from building use were taken from Swedish cradle-to-grave reports on energy-efficient buildings. The resulting model was run with additional sensitivity analysis of the variables, and the associated emissions from each of the scenarios were calculated. Results and discussion: On average, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for private laundries in Sweden were estimated to be 190 g CO eq./kg laundry (washed and dried). If a shared laundry was used instead, the resulting emissions decreased by approximately 26%. The greatest contribution to GHG emissions was the use of detergent (22–33% of total emissions), followed by capital goods (11–38% of total emissions). Conclusion: Deciding to construct shared laundries in newly built apartment buildings in Sweden, rather than in-unit machines, would reduce the emissions from domestic laundry for these tenants by approximately 26%. This is because materials used for manufacturing whitegoods, as well as the emissions associated with the building itself, play a much bigger role than previously thought. Additionally, since the cleaning efficiency of warm water and some of the components used in detergents rises with temperature, emissions from domestic laundering could for some consumers be reduced further by washing at higher temperature but with less detergent. This pattern could be seen in Sweden within regions with hard water, where the emissions from domestic laundry could be reduced by 6–12%.
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| 55. |
- Kyprianidis, Konstantinos, et al.
(författare)
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On-line Powerplant Control using Near-InfraRed Spectroscopy : OPtiC-NIRS, REPORT 2021:746
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Near InfraRed Spectroscopy (NIRS) offers rapid on-line analysis of biomass feedstocks and can be utilized for process control of biomass- based combined heat and power plants. Within the OPtiC-NIRS project we have carried out a full-scale on-site testing of different NIRS for online powerplant control at the facilities of Mälarenergi and Eskilstuna Strängnäs Energi och Miljö. The project has been focused on developing and testing robust NIRS soft-sensors for fuel higher heating value and composition (incl. moisture, components such as recycle wood and glass, different type of plastics and ash) and combining them with dynamic models for on-line feed-forward process monitoring and control. Expected benefits include reduced risk of agglomeration and pollutant emissions formation as well as improved production control. A longer-term potential and ambition is to be able to identify the fossil content in municipal waste fuel, which can hopefully be addressed in a follow-up study.
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| 56. |
- Lozano, Francisco J., et al.
(författare)
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New perspectives for green and sustainable chemistry and engineering : approaches from sustainable resource and energy use, management, and transformation
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 172, s. 227-232
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The special volume on green and sustainable chemistry and engineering has fourteen papers that were considered relevant to the present day issues and discussion, such as adequate use of raw materials and efficient energy, besides considering renewable sources for materials and energy; and changing economical canons towards circular economy. Businesses, governments and Society are facing a number of challenges to tread the sustainability path and provide wellbeing for future generations. This special volume relevance provides discussions and contributions to foster that desirable future. Chemicals are ubiquitous in everyday activities. Their widespread presence provides benefits to societies’ wellbeing, but can have some deleterious effects. To counteract such effect, green engineering and sustainable assessment in industrial processes have been gathering momentum in the last thirty years. Green chemistry, green engineering, eco-efficiency, and sustainability are becoming a necessity for assessing and managing products and processes in the chemical industry. This special volume presents fourteen articles related to sustainable resource and energy use (five articles), circular economy (one article), cleaner production and sustainable process assessment (five article), and innovation in chemical products (three articles). Green and sustainable chemistry, as well as sustainable chemical engineering and renewable energy sources are required to foster and consolidate a transition towards more sustainable societies. This special volume present current trends in chemistry and chemical engineering, such as sustainable resource and energy use, circular economy, cleaner production and sustainable process assessment, and innovation in chemical products. This special volume provides insights in this direction and complementing other efforts towards such transition.
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| 57. |
- Malmgren, Elin, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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The environmental performance of a fossil-free ship propulsion system with onboard carbon capture – a life cycle assessment of the HyMethShip concept
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Sustainable Energy & Fuels. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2398-4902. ; 5:10, s. 2753-2770
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The climate impact caused by the shipping industry has increased over the past decades despite attempts toimprove the energy efficiency of vessels and lower induced emissions. A tool in reducing climate and otherenvironmental impacts is new low emissions propulsion technologies. These new technologies need toreduce harmful emissions not only in the tailpipe but also over the entire life cycle. This study uses lifecycle assessment to investigate the life cycle environmental impact of a propulsion concept currentlyunder development: the HyMethShip concept. The HyMethShip concept combines electro-methanolenergy storage, an onboard pre-combustion carbon capture system, and a dual fuel internal combustionengine. The concept aims for an almost closed CO2 loop by installing CO2 capture onboard.The CO2 isunloaded in port and converted into electro-methanol which is used to fuel the ship again. This is madepossible by a pre-combustion process converting electro-methanol to hydrogen and CO2. Theassessment is conducted from well-to-propeller and focuses on ship operation in the North Sea in 2030.The results indicate that this technology could be an alternative to reduce the climate impact fromshipping.The results show a lower impact on acidification, climate change, marine eutrophication,particulate matter, photochemical ozone formation, and terrestrial eutrophication compared to internalcombustion engines run on either marine gas oil (0.1% sulphur content), biogenic methanol, fossilmethanol, or electro-methanol. Electricity with low climate and environmental impact is likely requiredto achieve this, and low NOx emissions from combustion processes need to be maintained. A potentialtrade-off is higher toxicity impacts from the HyMethShip concept compared to most other options, dueto metal needs in wind power plants.
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| 58. |
- Malmgren, Elin, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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The HyMethShip Concept: An investigation of system design choices and vessel operation characteristics influence on life cycle performance
- 2020
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Ingår i: Proceedings of 8th Transport Research Arena TRA 2020.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- One potential method to decarbonize the maritime transport sector is by using onboard carbon capture technologies. One such potential future propulsion system is the "HyMethShip - Hydrogen-Methanol Ship propulsion system using onboard pre-combustion carbon capture" concept. In this study we use life cycle assessment to analyse the impact of system design choices on the overall environmental performance of the system. Using the HyMethShip on a vessel is shown to lower climate impact compared to today’s conventional propulsion technologies. The runtime of the carbon capture system and hydrogen leakage are indicated as the main influencers to the environmental performance besides overall system efficiency. The cost of the HyMethShip system is higher than today’s liquid fossil fuel options, but lower than when electro-methanol is used in a conventional engine without applying the HyMethShip concept.
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| 59. |
- Mauree, D., et al.
(författare)
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A review of assessment methods for the urban environment and its energy sustainability to guarantee climate adaptation of future cities
- 2019
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Ingår i: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-0690 .- 1364-0321. ; 112, s. 733-746
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current climate change is calling for a drastic reduction of energy demand as well as of greenhouse gases. Besides this, cities also need to adapt to face the challenges related to climate change. Cities, with their complex urban texture and fabric, can be represented as a diverse ecosystem that does not have a clear and defined boundary. Multiple software tools that have been developed, in recent years, for assessment of urban climate, building energy demand, the outdoor thermal comfort and the energy systems. In this review, we, however, noted that these tools often address only one or two of these urban planning aspects. There is nonetheless an intricate link between them. For instance, the outdoor comfort assessment has shown that there is a strong link between biometeorology and architecture and urban climate. Additionally, to address the challenges of the energy transition, there will be a convergence of the energy needs in the future with an energy nexus regrouping the energy demand of urban areas. It is also highlighted that the uncertainty related to future climatic data makes urban adaptation and mitigation strategies complex to implement and to design given the lack of a comprehensive framework. We thus conclude by suggesting the need for a holistic interface to take into account this multi-dimensional problem. With the help of such a platform, a positive loop in urban design can be initiated leading to the development of low carbon cities and/or with the use of blue and green infrastructure to have a positive impact on the mitigation and adaptation strategies.
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| 60. |
- Modaresi, Roja, 1982
(författare)
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Dynamics of aluminum use in the global passenger car system: Challenges and solutions of recycling and material substitution
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis analyzes the relationship between the design of vehicles, end-of-life vehicle (ELV) management, and global material production using aluminum as an example. Vehicle manufacturing, material industries and ELV management face different challenges. An important challenge for vehicle manufacturers is the design of lightweight vehicles to reduce energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the use phase for which an increased use of aluminum of different alloys is an attractive option. The aluminum industry has an interest in reducing energy consumption and GHG emissions, which can be accomplished effectively through recycling. ELV management must be improved to enable the first two systems to use aluminum scrap in a sustainable manner. Today, the sorting of different alloys is limited. As a result of having mixed scrap at the ELV phase and limited opportunities for aluminum refining, there may be a future scrap surplus that cannot be absorbed by the aluminum-recycling sink, which is passenger cars. These three sectors are connected through material flows, and a change in one of the sectors can severely affect the others' options for reaching their goals. This thesis addresses the following questions: 1) How are the dynamics of the global vehicle stock changing the boundary condition for aluminum recycling? 2) What are the most effective interventions to minimize a future aluminum scrap surplus? 3) What are the options for material substitution in vehicles to reduce direct and indirect GHG emissions over time? To answer these questions, a system approach is employed to analyze how these three sectors are linked and to explore options for all sectors to reach their objectives in the long term. This thesis employs global bottom-up stock-driven models of the aluminum cycle. A basic model was used to identify the scrap surplus problem. A refined model with segments, components and alloys resolution combined with a source-sink diagram was used to evaluate different solution options. In addition, a global dynamic fleetrecycling MFA model was developed to simulate the future impacts of material substitutions of conventional steel with high-strength steel (HSS) and aluminum on material cycles, energy use and GHG emissions related to the global passenger vehicle fleet. The main findings in this thesis are: i) a continuation of the current practice of cascadic use would eventually result in a scrap surplus because this practice depends on the continuous and fast growth of the secondary casting stock in the global vehicle fleet, a condition that is unlikely to be met. Model simulation indicated a non-recyclable scrap surplus by approximately 2018±5 if no alloy sorting is introduced. The surplus is potentially substantial and could grow to reach a level of 0.4-2 kg/cap/yr by 2050, thereby significantly reducing the option of the aluminum industry to reduce its energy consumption through recycling. ii) Drastic changes in ELV management practices are necessary to make use of the growing scrap flow in the future, including further dismantling and efficient component-to-component recycling, alloy sorting of mixed shredded scrap, and designing recycling-friendly alloys that function as alternative sinks for aluminum scrap. iii) Light-weighting has the potential to substantially reduce global emissions of vehicles (9-18 gigatons cumulative CO2-eq. between 2010 and 2050). In the medium term (5-15 years), global emissions reductions from substituting standard steel with aluminum are similar to those achievable by HSS; however, over a longer term (after 15-20 years), substitution with aluminum can reduce total emissions more effectively, provided that the wrought aluminum will be recycled back into automotive wrought aluminum. The environmental consequences of products in general and passenger cars in particular have led to an increasing awareness of the dependencies between the shaping of vehicles and the shaping of the environment. Governments and intergovernmental bodies have formulated quality goals for the environment, such as the 2-degree target, and have introduced emissions standards, thereby extending the responsibility of automobile manufacturers to the use phase. On the materials side, legislation has been introduced to extend producer responsibility, mainly with the goal of avoiding toxic substances and reducing the amount of waste, as is noted in different end-of-life vehicle (ELV) legislation and directives. The current ELV directives do not sufficiently address the management of material systems as a whole or quality issues related to material recovery. To harmonize ELV management with goals for the global aluminum cycle and its impacts for the environment, it is essential to understand how the above-mentioned systems interact. Has parts Paper 1: Modaresi, Roja; Müller, Daniel B.. The Role of Automobiles for the Future of Aluminum Recycling. Environmental Science and Technology 2012 ;Volum 46.(16) s. 8587-8594 http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es300648w Copyright © 2012 American Chemical Society Paper 2: Rombach, Georg; Modaresi, Roja; Müller, Daniel B.. Aluminium Recycling- Raw Material Supply from a Volume and Quality Constraint System. World of Metallurgy - ERZMETALL 2012 ;Volum 65.(3) s. 157-162 Paper 3: Modaresi, Roja; Løvik, Amund Nordli; Müller, Daniel Beat. Component- and Alloy-Specific Modeling for Evaluating Aluminum Recycling Strategies for Vehicles. JOM: The Member Journal of TMS 2014 ;Volum 66.(11) s. 2262-2271., The article is not included due to copyright available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-014-0900-8 Paper 4: Løvik, Amund Nordli; Modaresi, Roja; Müller, Daniel Beat. Long-term strategies for increased recycling of automotive aluminum and its alloying elements. Environmental Science and Technology 2014 ;Volum 48.(8) s. 4257-4265 http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es405604g Copyright © 2014 American Chemical Society Paper 5: Modaresi, Roja; Pauliuk, Stefan; Løvik, Amund Nordli; Müller, Daniel Beat. Global Carbon Benefits of Material Substitution in Passenger Cars until 2050 and the Impact on the Steel and Aluminum Industries. Environmental Science and Technology 2014 ;Volum 48. s. 10776-10784 http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es502930w Copyright © 2014 American Chemical Society Publisher NTNU Series Doctoral thesis at NTNU;2015:116
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