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- Öberg, Tomas, 1956-
(author)
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Replacement of PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) and HCB (hexachlorobenzene) : the Swedish experience
- 1996
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In: Alternatives to persistent organic pollutants. - Solna : Kemikalieinspektionen. - 9923050106
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The total import to Sweden of PCB between 1957-1980 has been estimated to 8,000-10,000 metric tonnes. A substantial part of the import, probably more than 50% was re-exported in goods. The use of PCB in Sweden has been restricted since 1972, and in 1978 it was decided that no new permits to use PCB in new products should be issued. Remaining part in the power sector of the industry has also been removed. Transformers or capacitors containing PCB and with a higher rating than two kilovoltamperes (reactive) may not be used after the 31st of December 1994. PCB containing transformers were never manufactured in Sweden. The problem with PCB filled transformers and contaminated transformer oils has therefore been less severe, compared to many other industrialized countries. The main chemical alternative to PCB in transformers is mineral oil with different additives. PCB was used in the manufacture of capacitors in Sweden before 1978. The use for this purpose accounted for about 80% of the import of PCB. Chemical alternatives for PCB as capacitor fluid include a multitude of chemical compounds. The capacitor fluid most frequently used today in Sweden is a mixture of methyl(phenylmethyl)benzene and methylbis(phenylmethyl)benzene. PCB was used in different building materials as a plasticiser. Chemical alternatives include chlorinated paraffins and phthalates. Chlorinated paraffins are however replaced due to environ-mental concerns, and it has also been decided to phase out the phthalates. Substantial amounts of PCB, an estimated 190-650 metric tonnes, still remain in buildings. It is obvious that measures to deal with these problems may cost many times more than the replacement already accomplished. Destruction capability and capacity are keys to a successful and final solution to the PCB problem. The destruction cost is also the major cost factor in the replacement. 17,667 metric tonnes of PCB containing waste was received by SAKAB, the Swedish hazardous waste treatment plant, between 1987-1995. This gives an idea of how much PCB wastes that have to be handled. Minor amounts of HCB (hexachlorobenzene) has been used in some parts of the Swedish industry. HCB has not been manufactured in Sweden and previous use has been replaced. Estimates of the international production are contradictory. It therefore seems premature to neglect HCB as an organic micro-pollutant of environmental concern.
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| 2. |
- Bergbäck, Bo, et al.
(author)
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Metals in society
- 1997. - 1
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In: The global environment. - Oslo : Scandinavian Science Publ.. - 352728771X ; , s. 276-289
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 3. |
- Berglund, Johan, et al.
(author)
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Transition Metal Ions in Atmospheric Waters. 4.1 Metal Ion Catalyzed Autoxidation of Dissolved Sulfur Dioxide
- 1997
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In: Transport and Chemical Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere, Vol.2 : Heterogeneous and Liquid Phase Processes. Laboratory Studies Related to Aerosols and Clouds - Heterogeneous and Liquid Phase Processes. Laboratory Studies Related to Aerosols and Clouds. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 3540607927 ; , s. 97-104
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The overall kinetics for manganese(II/III) catalyzed autoxidation of dissolved sulfur dioxide has been studied by UV-vis spectrophotometry. A free-radical mechanism has been proposed, and the rate constant for one of the key reactions between manganese(II) and peroxomonosulfate has been determined by pulse radiolysis. Previous literature on manganese catalyzed autoxidation of SO2(aq) has been thoroughly discussed and explanations of some of the earlier discrepancies is offered. The oxidation of SO2(aq) by complexes of Pt(IV), Au(III) and Tl(III) has also been investigated. These two-electron oxidants oxidize SO2(aq) only in stoichiometric amounts and show no catalytic activity. The mechanistic differences observed between one- and two-electron oxidants are fruitful in order to explain the lack of catalytic activity of some atmospherically important metal ions like Ni(II).
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