| 116841. |
- Lin, Lexin
(författare)
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Risk communication in multi-stakeholder disaster risk management systems : Insights and recommendations from the Swedish system
- 2018. - 1
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The overall purpose of this thesis is to improve our understanding of how disaster risk management (DRM) systems function. Specifically, it aims to increase our knowledge about effective communication in a multi-stakeholder, multi-level DRM system, with a particular focus on the exchange of risk-related information for risk assessment. The Swedish DRM system is taken as a study case to examine how DRM stakeholders collect and share information while conducting, disseminating and utilizing risk assessments, and the challenges that hinder effective risk communication. The studies included in this thesis highlight how risk assessment work and the associated communication issues influence Swedish DRM practice, both positively and negatively. They also propose countermeasures to overcome these challenges in order to improve the effectiveness of risk communication among stakeholders, increase their collective ability to assess and manage potential disaster risks, and thus enhance the overall performance of the system.Research methods include, for example, semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions,experiments, and document analysis. Empirical data are collected mainly from the Swedish DRM system (municipal, regional and national levels). However, some experiments involve participants from another DRM context (Nicaragua), and additional policy documents from the European Union are included in the analysis. The results highlight that a lack of standardization in risk assessment work has hampered the communication via risk assessment documentations. DRM stakeholders vary widely in terms of the scale and frequency of the potential risks they assess, making communication less meaningful since they are focusing on different types of events. They are unwilling to disseminate the results of their risk assessments, due to concerns that sensitive risk-related information and managerial shorcomings might be exposed. Finally, there is a lack of constructive feedback regarding the quality of risk assessments, making it unclear how to improve and resulting the risk communication a one-way process.Two sets of countermeasures are proposed to overcome these risk communication challenges:1) efforts should be made to solve systemic problems. Examples include the provision of constructive feedback that would make risk communication two-way, and the establishment of a clear information disclosure procedure; and 2) risk assessment documentation should be better designed. The inclusion of scenario descriptions, assessments of the likelihood of events and consequences, and background information concerning estimated likelihoods will probably improve the usefulness of the risk assessment for decision-making and communication. Quantitative and semi-quantitative scales seem to be promising ways to communicate risk-related information, especially if they are complemented by narrative evidence.
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| 116842. |
- Lin, Li-Yen, et al.
(författare)
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A laboratory validation study of comfort and limit temperatures of four sleeping bags defined according to EN 13537 (2002)
- 2013
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Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-9126 .- 0003-6870. ; 44:2, s. 321-326
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, we validated comfort and limit temperatures of four sleeping bags with different levels of insulation defined according to EN 13537. Six male subjects and four female subjects underwent totally 20 two-hour exposures in four sleeping bags at four intended testing temperatures: 11.2, 3.8, 2.1 and -9.0 degrees C. The subjective perceptions and physiological responses of these subjects were reported and analyzed. It was found that the EN 13537 defined comfort temperature and limit temperature were underestimated for sleeping bags MA3, HAG and MAM. The predictions are so conservative that further revision may be required to meet the requirements of both manufacturers and consumers. In contrast, for the sleeping bag MAO with a low level of insulation, the limit temperature defined by EN 13537 was slightly overestimated. In addition, two individual case studies (-28.0 and -32.0 degrees C) demonstrated that low toe temperatures were widely observed among the male and female subjects, although the mean skin temperatures were almost within the thermoneutrality range (32.0-34.0 degrees C). It seems that the IREQ model (ISO 11079) overestimated both the comfort and limit temperatures of the sleeping bags. Finally, traditional sleeping bags may be required to be re-designed to provide consumers both whole body comfort as well as local thermal comfort at feet/toes or users need to be made aware of the higher need for their insulation. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd and The Ergonomics Society. All rights reserved.
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| 116843. |
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| 116844. |
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| 116845. |
- Lin, Peiyi, et al.
(författare)
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Y2Mo3O12–Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ cathode catalyst for proton-conducting solid oxide fuel cells
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Power Sources. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-7753. ; 551
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The mismatch of the coefficients of thermal expansion between cathode and electrolyte is one of the thorniest problems for high-performance proton-conducting solid oxide fuel cells (H–SOFCs). Here one strategy is applied by introducing the negative thermal expansion component, Y2Mo3O12 (YMO), on Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ (BSCF) cathode to overcome this difficulty. As a result, not only the electrolyte-cathode connection but also the cell performance is improved. The maximum power density of the cell using a composite cathode reaches 1010.9 mW cm−2 at 700 °C. The YMO softens the stress on the contact layer that keeps the cathode from delamination, which is confirmed by simulation studies and experiments. Furthermore, the A-site defect on BSCF created by the reaction between YMO and BSCF also plays a positive role in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity. This study provided a new way to study and improve the thermo-mechanical stability and cell performance of H–SOFCs.
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| 116846. |
- Lin, Queran, et al.
(författare)
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Hypertension in stroke survivors and associations with national premature stroke mortality : data for 2·5 million participants from multinational screening campaigns
- 2022
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Ingår i: The Lancet Global Health. - 2214-109X. ; 10:8, s. 1141-1149
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Blood pressure control has a pivotal role in reducing the incidence and recurrence of stroke. May Measurement Month (MMM), which was initiated in 2017 by the International Society of Hypertension, is the largest global blood pressure screening campaign. We aim to compare MMM participants with and without a previous history of stroke and to investigate associations between national-level estimates of blood pressure management from MMM and premature stroke mortality. Methods: In this annual, global, cross-sectional survey, more than 2·5 million volunteers (≥18 years) from 92 countries were screened in May, 2017, and May, 2018. Three seated blood pressure readings and demographic, lifestyle, and cardiovascular disease data were collected. Associations between risk factors and stroke history were analysed with mixed-effects logistic regression, and associations between national-level estimates of blood pressure management and premature stroke mortality based on Global Burden of Disease data were investigated with linear regression. Findings: 2 222 399 (88·4%) of 2 515 365 participants had recorded data on a history of stroke, of whom 62 639 (2·8%) reported a previous stroke. Participants with a history of stroke had higher rates of hypertension (77·0% vs 32·9%, p<0·0001) and of treated (90·2% vs 57·0%, p<0·0001) and controlled (55·9% vs 32·4%, p<0·0001) hypertension than those without a history of stroke. A third of participants with a history of stroke had either untreated hypertension or treated but uncontrolled hypertension (blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg). Strong positive associations were found between national premature stroke mortality and mean systolic blood pressure (84·3 [95% CI 38·8 to 129·9] years of life lost [YLL] per 100 000 people per mm Hg increase) and the percentage of participants with raised blood pressure (49·1 [22·6 to 75·6] YLL per 100 000 people per 1% increase). Strong negative associations were found between national premature stroke mortality and the percentage of participants with hypertension on treatment (−21·0 [−33·0 to −8·9] YLL per 100 000 people per 1% increase) and with controlled blood pressure (−31·6 [−43·8 to −19·4] YLL per 100 000 people per 1% increase). Interpretation: Blood pressure control remains suboptimal worldwide among people with a history of stroke. National estimates of blood pressure management reflect national premature stroke mortality sufficiently to prompt policy makers to promote blood pressure screening and management. Funding: International Society of Hypertension and Servier Pharmaceuticals.
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| 116847. |
- Lin, Qin-Lu, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of colloidal structures on the stability of five flavonoids with different hydrophilicity
- 2008
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Ingår i: Food Hydrocolloids. - : Elsevier BV. - 0268-005X. ; 22:4, s. 700-705
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Autoxidation of five flavonoids representing range of different hydrophilicities (epicatechin gallate (ECG), (+) catechin((+)Q, epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and epigallocatechin (EGC)) in three different aqueous solutions: molecular solution, micellar solution (Tween 20) and liposoml dispersion (soybean lecithin) was monitored by HPLC. The rate of oxidaton of the five flvonoids was higher at pH 4.5 than at pH 3.5. Compared with the control, addition of Tween-20 (micellar structure) and lecithin (liposomal structure) significantly decreased the degradation of flavonoids. In the presence of lecithin the autoxidation of all the five flavonoids was slower than in the presence of Tween-20. The effective protection of the colloidal structures was compared the hydrophilicity of the flavonoids estimated from the partitioning between octanol and water. The protection from oxidation in the presence of the colloidal structures (micellar or liposomal) increased with increasing partitioning of a flavonoid towards the hydrophobic environment. The protecting effect of the colloidal structures was more effective at pH 4.5 than at pH 3.5.
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| 116848. |
- Lin, Qianjin, et al.
(författare)
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Measurements of laminar burning velocities and an improved kinetic model of methyl isopropyl ketone
- 2023
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Ingår i: Combustion and Flame. - 0010-2180. ; 258
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Methyl isopropyl ketone (MIPK) is the simplest branched ketone and a promising biofuel. In this work, laminar burning velocities (SL) of MIPK + air flames were measured using the heat flux method at atmospheric pressure, over initial mixture temperatures of 298–358 K and equivalence ratios of 0.7–1.4. With the help of the temperature dependence of the SL, data inconsistency between the present measurements and the experimental data reported by Li et al. (Proc. Combust. Inst. 38 (2021) 2135) was demonstrated. Moreover, existing kinetic models for MIPK combustion notably deviate from the present SL measurements. Therefore, the MIPK model suggested by Lin et al. (Proc. Combust. Inst. 39 (2023) 315) was updated by revisiting the MIPK H-abstraction reactions and methyl isopropenyl ketone sub-model. Furthermore, a new di-methyl ketene (critical intermediate during MIPK oxidation) sub-model was constructed and integrated into the MIPK model. Flux and sensitivity analyses revealed that integration of the new di-methyl ketene model improves predictions of the laminar burning velocities as well as shock tube ignition delay times over the pressures of 1–40 bar due to converting di-methyl ketene into C3H5-T (CH2 = C˙CH3) rather than C3H6 or C3H5-S (C˙H = CHCH3) predicted by other MIPK models from the literature. Updates of the MIPK H-abstraction reactions yield more reasonable products branching ratios of formation of the primary fuel radicals, and improve prediction of the SL. It was also found that the rate constants of the MIPK decomposition reaction (MIPK (+M) = CH3CO + IC3H7 (+M)) in the model proposed by Li et al. (Proc. Combust. Inst. 38 (2021) 2135) are significantly underestimated, resulting in underestimation of the present SL measurements and significant overprediction of the ignition delay times.
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| 116849. |
- Lin, Ruiyu, et al.
(författare)
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Kinetic Influence of Siliceous Reactions on Structure Formation of Mesoporous Silica Formed via the Co-Structure Directing Agent Route
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Physical Chemistry C. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1932-7447 .- 1932-7455. ; 120:7, s. 3814-3821
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate the mechanism responsible for the formation of mesoporous silica formed with the so-called costructure directing agent (CSDA) route. The synthesis relies on the interaction between silica source (tetraethylorthosilicate), cationic surfactant (C18H37N+(CH3)2(CH2)3N+(CH3)3Br2), and CSDA (carboxyethylsilanetriol), which results in a material functionalized with carboxylic groups. Depending on the concentration of HCl in the synthesis, the structure is defined by Fm3¯m (at high pH) and by Fd3¯m (at low pH), with a gradual transition in the intermediate pH range. Here, we aim at finding the origin for the structural change triggered by pH and investigate the effects of the hydrolysis of the silica source on the overall kinetics of the synthesis. A fast process results in Fm3¯m, regardless of pH, and a slow process results in Fd3¯m. The hydrolysis step is the important structural control parameter. We studied the cross-linking of silica and CSDA using 29Si NMR. The cross-linking is similar for the two structures, and possibly the Fd3¯m structure contains slightly more CSDA. 13C PT ssNMR was used to investigate the surfactant mobility/rigidity during the synthesis. The rigidity of the Fm3¯m is established much faster than that of the Fd3¯m.
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| 116850. |
- Lin, Ruiyu
(författare)
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The Co-Structure Directing Agent (CSDA) Approach to Mesoporous Silica Formation – Exploring the Assembly Characteristics
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We investigate the formation mechanism responsible for two specific systems of mesoporous silicas formed with the so-called co-structure directing agent (CSDA) route. The synthesis relies on the interactions between silica source (tetraethylorthosilicate, TEOS), surfactants and CSDA. The structures of the mesoporous silica materials were investigated mainly by small angle X-ray diffraction (SAXD), supplemented with transmission electronic microscopy (TEM). The surfactant/water system was investigated mainly by small X-ray scattering (SAXS).In system 1, a cationic surfactant (C18H37N+(CH3)2(CH2)3N+(CH3)3Br2, C18-3-1) and an anionic CSDA (carboxyethylsilanetriol, CES) are used. We have insight into the surfactant aqueous solution, the formation kinetics (reactions of TEOS), and the electrostatic interactions (addition of salt or controlling the concentration of CSDA). Depending on the concentration of HCl in the synthesis, the structure is defined by Fm-3m (at high pH) and by Fd-3m (at low pH), with a gradual transition in the intermediate pH range. When salt is added in the Fd-3m synthesis, the Pm-3n structure is formed. The micellar sizes of C18-3-1 assembled in these three structures are the same. Using SAXD and 13C PT ssNMR, we followed the synthesis process of these three structures, and found that a fast process results in Fm3m, regardless of pH, and a slow process results in Fd-3m. When NaCl is added to the slow system (low pH) the formation is altered resulting in a material with the Pm-3n structure. We suggest that the materials strive to form the densest structure possible which structure that forms depends on the when the condensation of the silica network arrests the formation process. We also investigate the difference of this system with that of a reversed system (i.e. based on an anionic surfactant and a cationic CSDA). We find both similarities and differences between these two “mirroring” systems.In system 2, an anionic surfactant (N-myristoyl-L-alanine, C14-L-Ala) and cationic CSDA (3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, APES) are used. The cryo-TEM and cryo-SEM images providedetailed information about the formation process of the material. A formation mechanism issuggested. The fibers grow in width. The ribbons twist, and with time grow in width, eventuallyforming helical ribbons. Later on the helical ribbons merge into tubes. This evolutionary progressof the configuration could be explained by the incompatible elastic sheet theory.
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