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Sökning: swepub > Övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt > Umeå universitet

  • Resultat 14381-14390 av 23354
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14381.
  • Lundberg, Petter, 1988- (författare)
  • Light for a brighter morrow : paving the way for sustainable light-emitting devices
  • 2020
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • We live in an artificially lit world, where light enhances our productivity and improves our quality of life. Today our appetite for light is stronger than ever, and emerging light-emitting technologies do not just replace the classical incandescent light bulb, they also open up for a new world of applications. The problem is that our environment does not cope with the increased energy demand during fabrication and usage, and the insufficient recycling that currently follows this rapid technological development. We must therefore adapt, and from here on out consider the entire environmental footprint and the necessity of our devices. Organic electronics has the potential to become sustainable. It allows for cheap and energy-efficient fabrication methods, using abundant materials, mainly carbon. Such sophisticated conductive plastics can be made thin and flexible, and they are thereby very versatile. It is in this context that we find the light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC)—a strong contender for affordable and sustainable light. The LEC has a simple device design that is fit for solution based fabrication and new useful applications in, for example, medicine. The simple LEC design is enabled by its operational mechanism, where mobile ions aid electronic charge injection and improves electric conductivity by electrochemical doping. However, this dynamic nature complicates the attainment of devices that are efficient, bright, and retain a long lifetime. Herein, we face these challenges with sustainability as the beacon. We find that careful design of the active material, and selection of its constituents, can lead to LECs that are both efficient and bright. Importantly we show that this is attainable with entirely organic active materials, via thermally activated delayed fluorescence; thereby moving away from unsustainable phosphorescent emitters that contain problematic rare metals. With large-scale manufacturing in mind, we introduce a tool that identifies environmentally benign and functional solvents. Furthermore we design and validate a realistic optical model that unveils the common optical loss mechanisms in LECs. The insights gained guide the optical design of highly efficient LECs in the transition towards an upscaled production.I hope that the progress made will contribute to a road map for the design of sustainable light-emitting devices. It is then our responsibility, as a society, to make use of them where needed.
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14382.
  • Lundberg, Sofia, 1969- (författare)
  • An empirical analysis of regional differences in municipal competitive procurement in Sweden
  • 2001
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • This paper studies regional differences in price and competition in municipal competitive procurement in Sweden. The bidding process is a first-price, sealed bid auction. The piecewise pseudo-maximum likelihood estimator presented in Donald and Paarsch (1993) is applied to data on cleaning service contracts. The results show higher estimated costs for completing the contract, but lower estimated bids in the major city area of Stockholm compared with the rest of the country. This is explained by lower profit margins and higher operational costs. An analysis is also carried out of why the lowest bidder is not always the contracted bidder in all auctions.
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14383.
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14384.
  • Lundberg, Sofia, 1969- (författare)
  • Auction Formats and Award Rules in Swedish Procurement Auctions
  • 2005
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • This paper provides an empirical analysis of outcomes from Swedish procurement auctions given award criterion and auction format. The auctions are single unit first-price sealed bid auctions or its simultaneous counterpart, and contracts can be awarded to lowest bidder or in accordance with qualitative criteria. The empirical results provide no evidence of differences in winning bids depending on the auction format. The award rule on the other hand matters, a horizontal comparison show higher winning bids on contracts awarded to some other but the lowest bidder. The effect of bidder interaction and bidder identity is also considered.
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14385.
  • Lundberg, Sofia, 1969- (författare)
  • Bidder Behaviour in Swedish Simultaneous Procurement Auctions
  • 2005
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Given no capacity constraints and the same set of competitors one would expect the same identity of the bidder having the lowest cost to complete all contracts simultaneously auctioned. Results based on bid level data from Swedish procurement auctions of internal cleaning service contracts suggests otherwise. The same bidder is found on simultaneous auctioned contracts although this bidder has not submitted the lowest bid on all contracts. A possible explanation is that bidders submit aggressive bids on some contracts in order to be given other contracts with less aggressive bids and thereby maximizing the total profit.
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14386.
  • Lundberg, Sofia, 1969- (författare)
  • Going once, going twice, SOLD! : the economics of past and present public procurement in Sweden
  • 2001
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • This thesis is about the economic aspects of public procurement of services through auctionsin Sweden. It focuses on two different institutions, auctions used to find foste r-parents forboarded out children in the 19th century, and auctions of cleaning service contracts in the 20 thcentury. I n both cases, the contracting entity is the municipality or its representative, thelowest bidder wins the auction, and is paid in accordance with his/her bid.In the child auctions, c hildren were allotted to foster-parents by means of an open biddingprocess, the descending English auction, where the bids were given continuously to theauctioneer. In modern public procurement sealed bids ar e used in accordance with the firstprice,sealed bid auction. The first part of this thesis is about price formation in the childauctions and a study is made of the children who were auctioned several times, indicatingasymmetric information among bidders or adverse selection in this market. These subjects arestudied using field data on 601 child auctions held in Northern Sweden during the period 1863to 1889. The empirical findings in the first paper suggest that the foster-parents had a cleareconomic motive in these auctions. The child characteristics significantly affect the amount ofcompensation paid to the foster-parent. There is also evidence that farmers preferred older,more productive children. The second paper studies whether a re-auctioned child commandeda higher or lower price than a child that was not re-auctioned. The results indicate some formof asymmetric information because foster-parents demanded a higher level of compensationfor a re-auctioned child. The results also suggest that the probability that a child was reauctionedincreased if he/she was not healthy.The third paper in the thesis discusses a kind of "paradox". Although there is a competitiveeffect on the bids in the auction of cleaning service contracts, the contracting entity has anoption, given by law, to restrict the number of bidders. In th is paper, an implementation costis introduced fo r the contracting entity to justify such a restriction. The results, based onSwedish municipality data, indicate that contract and municipality characteristics, assumed toaffect the implementation cost, affect the volume of the procurement, and the number ofbidders, but not necessarily the choice of allocation mechanism. The final paper studiesregional differences in bids, costs, and competition in municipal procurement using the samedata as in paper [3]. The results show higher estimated costs for completing the contract, butlower estimated mean bids in the major city area of Stockholm compared with the res t of thecountry. This is explained by lower profit margins and higher operational costs in the majorcity area. An analysis is also carried out of why the lowest bidder is not always the contractedbidder.
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14387.
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14388.
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14389.
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14390.
  • Lundberg, Sofia, 1969- (författare)
  • Restrictions on competition in municipal competitive procurement in Sweden
  • 2001
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The bidding process in public procurement in Sweden is a first-price, sealed bid auction. Although there is a competitive effect on the bids in this type of auction, the contracting entity can through the choice of allocation mechanism, restrict the number of bidders. This paper studies this choice and imposes an implementation cost on the contracting entity to motivate such a restriction. The results, based on data for Swedish municipalities, suggest that contract specifications and municipality characteristics (that are assumed to influence the implementation cost), affect the volume of the procurement and the number of bidders, but not necessarily the choice of allocation mechanism.
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