| 11. |
- Abdallah, J, et al.
(författare)
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Production of Xi(0)(c) and Xi(b) in Z decays and lifetime measurement of Xi(b)
- 2005
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Ingår i: European Physical Journal C. Particles and Fields. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1434-6044 .- 1434-6052. ; C:44, s. 299-309
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The charmed strange baryon Xi(c)(0) was searched for in the decay channel Xi(c)(0) -> Xi(-)pi(+), and the beauty strange baryon Xi(b) in the inclusive channel Xi(b) -> Xi(-)l(-)(nu) over barX, using the 3.5 million hadronic Z events collected by the DELPHI experiment in the years 1992-1995. The Xi(-) was reconstructed through the decay AT, using a constrained fit method for cascade decays. An iterative discriminant analysis was used for the Xi(c)(0) and Xi(b) selection. The production rates were measured to be f(Xi c)(0) x BR(Xi(c)(0) -> Xi(-)pi(+) = (4.7 +/- 1.4(stat.) +/- 1.1(syst.)) x 10(-4) per hadronic Z decay, and BR(b -> Xi(b))xBR(Xi(b) -> Xi(-)l(-)X) = (3.0 +/- 1.0(stat.) +/- 0.3(syst.)) x 10(-4) for each lepton species (electron or muon). The lifetime of the Xi(b) baryon was measured to be tau(Xi b) = 1.45(-0.43)(+0.55)(stat.)+/- 0.13(syst.) ps. A combination with the previous DELPHI lifetime measurement gives tau(Xi b) = 1.48(-0.31)(+0.40)(stat.)+/- 0.12(syst.) ps.
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| 12. |
- Abe, O, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy for early breast cancer on recurrence and 15-year survival: an overview of the randomised trials
- 2005
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - 1474-547X. ; 365:9472, s. 1687-1717
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Quinquennial overviews (1985-2000) of the randomised trials in early breast cancer have assessed the 5-year and 10-year effects of various systemic adjuvant therapies on breast cancer recurrence and survival. Here, we report the 10-year and 15-year effects. Methods Collaborative meta-analyses were undertaken of 194 unconfounded randomised trials of adjuvant chemotherapy or hormonal therapy that began by 1995. Many trials involved CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, fluorouracil), anthracycline-based combinations such as FAC (fluorouracil, doxombicin, cyclophosphamide) or FEC (fluorouracil, epirubicin, cyclophosphamide), tamoxifen, or ovarian suppression: none involved taxanes, trastuzumab, raloxifene, or modem aromatase inhibitors. Findings Allocation to about 6 months of anthracycline-based polychemotherapy (eg, with FAC or FEC) reduces the annual breast cancer death rate by about 38% (SE 5) for women younger than 50 years of age when diagnosed and by about 20% (SE 4) for those of age 50-69 years when diagnosed, largely irrespective of the use of tamoxifen and of oestrogen receptor (ER) status, nodal status, or other tumour characteristics. Such regimens are significantly (2p=0 . 0001 for recurrence, 2p<0 . 00001 for breast cancer mortality) more effective than CMF chemotherapy. Few women of age 70 years or older entered these chemotherapy trials. For ER-positive disease only, allocation to about 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen reduces the annual breast cancer death rate by 31% (SE 3), largely irrespective of the use of chemotherapy and of age (<50, 50-69, &GE; 70 years), progesterone receptor status, or other tumour characteristics. 5 years is significantly (2p<0 . 00001 for recurrence, 2p=0 . 01 for breast cancer mortality) more effective than just 1-2 years of tamoxifen. For ER-positive tumours, the annual breast cancer mortality rates are similar during years 0-4 and 5-14, as are the proportional reductions in them by 5 years of tamoxifen, so the cumulative reduction in mortality is more than twice as big at 15 years as at 5 years after diagnosis. These results combine six meta-analyses: anthracycline-based versus no chemotherapy (8000 women); CMF-based versus no chemotherapy (14 000); anthracycline-based versus CMF-based chemotherapy (14 000); about 5 years of tamoxifen versus none (15 000); about 1-2 years of tamoxifen versus none (33 000); and about 5 years versus 1-2 years of tamoxifen (18 000). Finally, allocation to ovarian ablation or suppression (8000 women) also significantly reduces breast cancer mortality, but appears to do so only in the absence of other systemic treatments. For middle-aged women with ER-positive disease (the commonest type of breast cancer), the breast cancer mortality rate throughout the next 15 years would be approximately halved by 6 months of anthracycline-based chemotherapy (with a combination such as FAC or FEC) followed by 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen. For, if mortality reductions of 38% (age <50 years) and 20% (age 50-69 years) from such chemotherapy were followed by a further reduction of 31% from tamoxifen in the risks that remain, the final mortality reductions would be 57% and 45%, respectively (and, the trial results could well have been somewhat stronger if there had been full compliance with the allocated treatments). Overall survival would be comparably improved, since these treatments have relatively small effects on mortality from the aggregate of all other causes. Interpretation Some of the widely practicable adjuvant drug treatments that were being tested in the 1980s, which substantially reduced 5-year recurrence rates (but had somewhat less effect on 5-year mortality rates), also substantially reduce 15-year mortality rates. Further improvements in long-term survival could well be available from newer drugs, or better use of older drugs.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Abraham, David, et al.
(författare)
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Molecular characterization and evolution of pheromone binding protein genes in Agrotis moths
- 2005
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Ingår i: Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-0240 .- 0965-1748. ; 35:10, s. 1100-1111
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pheromone-binding proteins (PBPs) are soluble transporter proteins that increase the capture and the solubilization of pheromone molecules in the lymph surrounding the olfactory receptors. A polymerase chain reaction-based method was used to identify PBP genes in Agrotis species for an evolutionary genomic study of noctuid moth PBPs. From genomic DNA we determined the structure of different PBP genes in the two closely related species, Agrotis ipsilon and A. segetum. In all, we clearly identified four genes (Aips-1, Aips-2, Aseg-1 and Asey-2) that represent two distinct PBP orthology groups. We found that the four genes have the same exon-intron structure and that they comprise three exons and two introns but differ in length mainly in the second intron. The three exons of Aseg-2 and Aips-2 have the same lengths but both intron I and intron 2 differ in length between the genes. In contrast, Aips-1 and Aseg-1 show dissimilarity only in the length of intron 2. Interestingly, introns 1 and 2 are inserted in the same positions in the Aips-1, Aips-2, Aseg-1 and Aseg-2 genes. These findings show that the Agrotis PBP genes have common ancestry and probably originate from gene duplication before the speciation of ipsilon and segetum. We found that expression of Aips-1/Aseg-1 and Aips-2/ Aseg-2 is antennal-specific, but expression is not restricted to the inale antennae. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 16. |
- Abrahamsson, Agneta, et al.
(författare)
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Making sense of the challenge of smoking cessation during pregnancy : a phenomenographic approach.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Health Education Research. - : Oxford University Press. - 0268-1153 .- 1465-3648. ; 20:3, s. 367-378
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In general, most women are familiar with the need to stop smoking when they are pregnant. In spite of this, many women find it difficult to stop. Using a phenomenographic approach, this study explored Swedish pregnant and post-pregnant women's ways of making sense of smoking during pregnancy. A total of 17 women who either smoked throughout pregnancy or stopped smoking during pregnancy were interviewed. Five different story types of how they are making sense of smoking during pregnancy were identified: smoking can be justified; will stop later; my smoking might hurt the baby; smoking is just given up; smoking must be taken charge of. Based on the study it is argued that the approach used in health education in relation to smoking cessation in antenatal care needs to move from information transfer and advice-giving to the creation of a dialogue. The starting point should be the woman's knowledge, concerns, rationalizations and prejudices. A model is suggested in which a woman may move in a space on three axes depending on life encounters, dialogue and reflections on meaning. The goal in health education would be to encourage movement along three axes: 'increase of self-efficacy towards control', 'increase awareness by reflection on meaning of the smoking issue' and 'avoidance of defense of the smoking behavior'.
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| 17. |
- Abrahamsson, Agneta, 1951-, et al.
(författare)
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Some lessons from Swedish midwives' experiences of approaching women smokers in antenatal care
- 2005
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Ingår i: Midwifery. - : Elsevier. - 0266-6138 .- 1532-3099. ; 21:4, s. 335-345
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: to describe the qualitatively different ways in which midwives make sense of how to approach women smokers. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: a more person-centred national project 'Smoke-free pregnancy' has been in progress in Sweden since 1992. Using a phenomenographic approach, 24 midwives who have been regularly working in antenatal care were interviewed about addressing smoking during pregnancy. FINDINGS: four different story types of how the midwives made sense of their experiences in addressing smoking in pregnancy were identified: 'avoiding', 'informing', 'friend-making', 'co-operating'. KEY CONCLUSION: the midwives' story types about how they approached women who smoke illustrated the difficulties of changing from being an expert who gives information and advice to being an expert on how to enable a woman in finding out why she smoked and how to stop smoking. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: health education about smoking that is built on co-operation and dialogue was seen by the midwives as a productive way of working. The starting point should be the lay perspective of a woman, which means that her thoughts about smoking cessation are given the space to grow while she talks.
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| 18. |
- Abrahamsson, Agneta, et al.
(författare)
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Some lessons from Swedish midwives' experiences of approaching women smokers in antenatal care.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Midwifery. - : Elsevier BV. - 1532-3099 .- 0266-6138. ; 21:Jul 14, s. 335-345
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: to describe the qualitatively different ways in which midwives make sense of how to approach women smokers. Design, setting and participants: a more person-centred national project 'Smoke-free pregnancy' has been in progress in Sweden since 1992. Using a phenomenographic approach, 24 midwives who have been regularly working in antenatal care were interviewed about addressing smoking during pregnancy. Findings: four different story types of how the midwives made sense of their experiences in addressing smoking in pregnancy were identified: 'avoiding', 'informing', 'friend-making', 'co-operating'. Key conclusion: the midwives' story types about how they approached women who smoke illustrated the difficulties of changing from being an expert who gives information and advice to being an expert on how to enable a woman in finding out why she smoked and how to stop smoking. Implications for practice: health education about smoking that is built on cooperation and dialogue was seen by the midwives as a productive way of working. The starting point should be the lay perspective of a woman, which means that her thoughts about smoking cessation are given the space to grow while she talks.
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| 19. |
- Abrahamsson, Christoffer, et al.
(författare)
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Scatter correction of transmission near-infrared spectra by photon migration data: Quantitative analysis of solids
- 2005
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Ingår i: Applied Spectroscopy. - 1943-3530. ; 59:11, s. 1381-1387
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The scope of this work is a new methodology to correct conventional near-infrared (NIR) data for scattering effects. The technique aims at measuring the absorption coefficient of the samples rather than the total attenuation measured in conventional NIR spectroscopy. The main advantage of this is that the absorption coefficient is independent of the path length of the light inside the sample and therefore independent of the scattering effects. The method is based on time-resolved spectroscopy and modeling of light transport by diffusion theory. This provides an independent measure of the scattering properties of the samples and therefore of the path length of light. This yields a clear advantage over other preprocessing techniques, where scattering effects are estimated and corrected for by using the shape of the measured spectrum only. Partial least squares (PLS) calibration models show that, by using the proposed evaluation scheme, the predictive ability is improved by 50% as compared to a model based on conventional NIR data alone. The method also makes it possible to predict the concentration of active substance in samples with other physical properties than the samples included in the calibration model.
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| 20. |
- Abrahamsson, Christoffer, et al.
(författare)
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Time-resolved NIR spectroscopy for quantitative analysis of intact pharmaceutical tablets
- 2005
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Ingår i: Analytical Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-6882 .- 0003-2700. ; 77:4, s. 1055-1059
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a useful technique for quantitative measurements of intact tablets, but it suffers from limitations due to the fact that changes in the physical properties of a sample strongly affect the recorded spectrum. In this work, time-resolved transmission NIR spectroscopy was utilized to conduct quantitative measurements of intact tablets. The technique enables separation of the absorption properties of the sample from the scattering properties and can therefore handle changes of the physical parameters of the samples in a better way than conventional NIR transmission spectroscopy. The experiments were conducted using a pulsed Ti:sapphire laser coupled into a nonlinear photonic crystal fiber as light source. The light transmitted through the sample was measured by a time-resolving streak camera. A comparison of the results from the time-resolved technique with the results from conventional transmission NIR spectroscopy was made using tablets containing different concentrations of iron oxide and manufactured with different thicknesses. A PLS model made with data from the time-resolved technique predicted samples 5 times better than a PLS model made data from the conventional NIR transmission technique. Furthermore, an improvement to predict samples with physical properties outside those included in the calibration set was demonstrated.
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