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Sökning: WFRF:(Pagels Joakim)

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61.
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63.
  • Hedmer, Maria, et al. (författare)
  • Real-Time Emission and Exposure Measurements of Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes during Production, Power Sawing, and Testing of Epoxy-Based Nanocomposites
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Annals of Work Exposures and Health. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 2398-7308 .- 2398-7316. ; 66:7, s. 878-894
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The use of manufactured nanomaterials is increasing globally. Although multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are used in a wide range of applications, only limited data are available on emissions and exposures during CNT composite production. No exposure data using portable aethalometers in the personal breathing zone (PBZ) to monitor occupational exposure to CNTs have yet been published. The aim of this study was to characterize emissions of and exposures to CNTs during CNT composite production, sawing, and shear testing. We also investigated whether real-time aethalometer measurements of equivalent black carbon (eBC) could be used as a proxy filter sampling of elemental carbon (EC). The presence of CNTs as surface contamination in the production facility was monitored since this could contribute to airborne exposure.Methods: During CNT composite production in an industrial setting including both chemical and manufacturing laboratories, different work tasks (WTs) were studied with a combination of directreading instruments (aethalometer, aerodynamic particle sizer, condensation particle counter) and filter-based methods. Measurements were performed to monitor concentrations in the emission zone (EZ), PBZ, and background zone. The filter samples were analysed for EC and fibre concentration of CNTs using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additionally, surfaces in the facility were tape sampled for monitoring of CNT contamination, and analysed with SEM.Results: Clear eBC peaks were observed in the PBZ during several WTs, most clearly during open handling of CNT powder. Power sawing emitted the highest particle number concentration in the EZ of both nanoparticles and coarse particles, but no individual airborne CNTs, agglomerates, or aggregates were detected. Airborne CNTs were identified, for example, in a filter sample collected in the PBZ of a worker during mixing of CNT epoxy. The airborne CNT particles were large agglomerates which looked like porous balls in the SEM images. Significant EC exposures were found in the inhalable fraction while all respirable fractions of EC were below detection. The highest inhalable EC concentrations were detected during the composite production. No significant correlation was found between inhalable EC and eBC, most likely due to losses of large EC containing particles in the sampling lines and inside the eBC monitor. In total, 39 tape samples were collected. Surface contamination of CNTs was detected on eight surfaces in the chemical and manufacturing laboratories, mainly in the near-field zone. Elongated CNT-like features were detected in the sawdust after sawing of CNT composite.Conclusions: Characterization of a workplace producing CNT composite showed that open handling of the CNT powder during weighing and mixing of CNT powder material generated the highest particle emissions and exposures. The portable direct-reading aethalometer provided time-resolved eBC exposure data with complementary information to time-integrated EC filter samples by linking peak exposures to specific WTs. Based on the results it was not possible to conclude that eBC is a good proxy of EC. Surface contamination of CNTs was detected on several surfaces in the near-field zone in the facility. This contamination could potentially be resuspended into the workplace air, and may cause secondary inhalation exposure.
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  • Isaxon, Christina, et al. (författare)
  • A Novel System for Source Characterization and Controlled Human Exposure to Nanoparticle Aggregates Generated During Gas–Metal Arc Welding
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Aerosol Science and Technology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1521-7388 .- 0278-6826. ; 47:1, s. 52-59
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Abstract in Undetermined The aim of this study was to achieve a method to perform detailed characterization and human exposure studies of nanosized and nanostructured aerosol particles. The source chosen was mild steel, active gas, arc welding fume. The setup consisted of a generation chamber, where welding can be performed, connected to an airtight stainless steel 22 m(3) exposure chamber. Instrumentation, consisting of a tapered element oscillating microbalance, a scanning mobility particle sizer, and a sampler for electron microscopy and particle-induced X-ray emission analysis was connected to the stainless steel chamber. The feasibility of the system for human exposure studies was evaluated by exposing 31 human volunteers, in groups of three, to a test aerosol containing 1 mg/m(3) welding fumes and to conditioned, filtered air. The results show that an aerosol that accurately represents dilute welding fume exposures that occur in workplaces can be produced in a controlled manner, and that the experimental setup can be used for 6 h, double-blind, exposures of human subjects. Particle mass concentration levels could be varied from <5 mu g/m(3) to more than 1000 mu g/m(3). Fumes from metal active gas welding showed a unimodal size distribution with a mean mobility diameter of 160 nm, transmission electron microscopy showed aggregates with a clearly nanosized structure.
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66.
  • Isaxon, Christina, et al. (författare)
  • Characteristics of Welding Fume Aerosol Investigated in Three Swedish Workshops
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: Inhaled Particles X. - : IOP Publishing. - 1742-6596 .- 1742-6588. ; 151
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Potentially high human exposures to nanometer sized airborne particles occur due to welding and other thermal processes in industrial environments. Detailed field measurements of physical and chemical particle characteristics were performed in three work-shops in Sweden. Measurements were performed both in the plume 5-20 cm above the welding point and in the background air (more than 5 m away from the nearest known particle source). Particle number and mass concentrations were measured on-line. A low pressure impactor was used for size-resolved chemical particle composition. The in-plume measurements generated the chemical signatures for different welding processes. These signatures were then used to identify contributions from various processes to the particle concentrations in different size classes. The background number and mass concentrations increased by more than an order of magnitude during intense activities in the work-shops compared to low activities during breaks.
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  • Isaxon, Christina, et al. (författare)
  • Realistic indoor nano-aerosols for a human exposure facility
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Journal of Aerosol Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0021-8502. ; 60, s. 55-66
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The aim of this study was to achieve realistic levels of two different types of aerosols commonly abundant in indoor environments in an experimental chamber intended for human exposure studies and aerosol characterization. The aerosols chosen were particles from candle lights (in particle number dominated by inorganic water soluble particles) and from ozone-terpene reactions (organic particles). The aerosol generation and characterization system consisted of a controlled air tight stainless steel 22 m(3) chamber, to which the generation set-ups were connected. No air could enter or leave the chamber except through a conditioning system by which temperature, relative humidity and air exchange rate could be controlled. Candle smoke aerosol was generated from ten candles burning in a 1.33 m(3) glass and stainless steel chamber. The aerosol was diluted by clean air from the conditioning system before entering the chamber. Terpene vapor was generated by passing pure nitrogen through a glass bottle containing limonene oil. Ozone was generated by a spark discharge using pure O-2, and was added to the ventilation air flow downstream the inlet for terpene vapors and upstream the inlet to the chamber. Both aerosols were characterized with respect to number and mass concentrations, size distribution and chemical composition. Particle number concentration in the size range 10-650 nm could be varied from <10 cm(-3) to more than 900,000 cm(-3) (for candle smoke) or to more than 30,000 cm(-3) (for particles formed in a 160 ppb terpene/40 ppb ozone mixture). Furthermore, the set-ups were evaluated by, for each source, repeating the generation at six three-hour long events. For both aerosols repeatable generations at pre-determined concentration levels, that were stable over time, could be achieved. The results show that realistic concentrations of aerosols from real-world environments could be reproduced in a well-controlled manner and that this set-up could be used both for aerosol characterization and for human exposures. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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