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Sökning: LAR1:gu > Doktorsavhandling

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33.
  • Acosta García, Nicolas, 1986 (författare)
  • Chocó challenges : communities negotiating matters of concern and care on Colombia’s margin
  • 2018
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Chocó is a remote and biodiverse region located on Colombia’s Northern Pacific Coast. The region is home to indigenous Embera and Afro-descendant communities. Both communities share and contest a legacy of colonisation, violence, dispossession and discrimination. This thesis explores the ways in which the local communities of Chocó challenge and transform the matters that concern them. It focuses on their concerns over the effects of biodiversity conservation, development, and drug trade on their communities. It first investigates the challenges associated with doing research concerning both global and local concerns. Then, based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Chocó, it develops a methodology to address environmental value conflicts over the use of Utría National Park, located in the region. Third, the thesis studies the social protest of both local communities for the construction of a small hydroelectric power plant inside the park, finding that this protest for electricity reflects a complex post-colonial politics complementary to the discourse concerning political resistance as expressed by local and indigenous communities protesting against development. Fourth, drift-cocaine has been arriving recently to the coastal region of Chocó as a side effect of the country’s war on drugs. In Chocó, this phenomenon is referred to as the White Fish and is investigated here by situating its associated practices and transformations within the local context. Fifth, Utría National Park is explored visually as a place of rhythms and temporalities. Lastly, it argues that the mechanisms, grounded in concepts of solidarity and co-existence, which are employed by the local communities in negotiating the matters that concern them, provide alternative narratives to the ones often used to described them as in “poverty” and in need of “development”.
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34.
  • Acreman, Samuel (författare)
  • Physiology and Pathophysiology of Hormone Secretion from lslets of Langerhans
  • 2023
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Diabetes is a metabolic disorder stemming from the improper regulation of blood glucose levels by hormones secreted by pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Paper I describes the mechanism by which glucose can regulate glucagon secretion, independent of membrane potential, from pancreatic α-cells, via modulation of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ handling. Paper II shows that the GLP-1 metabolite GLP-1(9-36) acts directly on α-cells to inhibit glucagon secretion, via activation of Gi-coupled glucagon receptors. Paper III, shows that the islet autoantigen tetraspanin-7 regulates β-cell transmembrane Ca2+ influx and the Ca2+ sensitivity of exocytosis. Paper IV demonstrates that α-cells and their neighbouring δ-cells exhibit a novel paracrine signalling loop. δ-cells react to the activity of adjacent α-cells, secreting somatostatin, to prevent glucagon hypersecretion. This mechanism becomes sensitised following exposure to hypoglycaemia, leading to excessive intra-islet somatostatin secretion, impairing glucose counter-regulation. Together, these papers reveal novel mechanisms governing the regulation of islet hormone secretion, which may lead to improvements in therapies for diabetes.
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35.
  • Acuña Mora, Mariela, 1990 (författare)
  • Patient empowerment during the transition to adulthood in young persons with chronic conditions
  • 2021
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • During the transition to adulthood and adult care young persons with chronic conditions (CCs) are in need of developing the skills necessary to manage their condition, communicate with the healthcare provider, participate in the decision-making process and become autonomous. In order to help them develop such skills, patient empowerment has been suggested as a relevant approach. Through patient empowerment, young persons can become active partners in care and mobilize the resources they need to achieve their goals. Despite its relevance in adolescent health and care, patient empowerment has not been investigated thoroughly in this group. The aim of this doctoral thesis was to explore patient empowerment in young persons with CCs during the transition to adulthood. Study I was a descriptive review that aimed to inventory the definitions and measurements of patient empowerment, appraise the conceptual and methodological rigor of published studies and to identify correlates of patient empowerment in persons with CCs. Study II was a cross-sectional study that described the development and psychometric evaluation of the Gothenburg Young Persons Empowerment Scale (GYPES). Study III was also a cross-sectional study measuring the level of patient empowerment in young persons with congenital heart disease (CHD) and examining potential correlates of patient empowerment. Study IV was a longitudinal study that aimed to examine the direction of effects between patient empowerment and other patient-reported outcomes. The findings in this thesis show that there is no consensus on a definition of patient empowerment and available studies have used instruments that on occasion are not meant to measure patient empowerment. Given the limitations of previous instruments, GYPES was developed to measure patient empowerment. Results show the scale is valid and reliable in a sample of young persons with CHD and diabetes mellitus. Research has assessed a broad scope of correlates of patient empowerment, but most of this research has been in cross-sectional studies and the direction of the investigated associations is not yet clear from the available evidence. In young persons with CHD, patient empowerment was correlated with transition readiness and communication skills. Moreover, results from this doctoral thesis indicate that patient empowerment leads to improved communication skills in young persons with CHD. From the findings of this thesis, it is possible to conclude that patient empowerment is relevant in improving communication skills. These skills are fundamental, as they are an initial step in becoming an active partner of the care process. Additionally, GYPES can be used to compare the level of patient empowerment across different CCs and contexts. Researchers should make an effort to achieve more consensus on definitions and dimensions that comprise patient empowerment to facilitate the comparison of the available evidence.
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36.
  • Adamovic, Svetlana, 1965 (författare)
  • Genetic linkage and association studies in celiac disease: discoveries from whole genome analysis
  • 2009
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Celiac Disease (CD) or Gluten Sensitive Enteropathy (GSE) is a life-long disorder. It is characterized by inflammation in the small intestine of genetically predisposed individuals caused by inappropriate immune response to gluten, a protein enriched in some of our common grains (wheat, rye and barley). The toxicity of gluten is manifested by the autoimmune action of T-lymphocytes on mucosal cells in the small intestine, disrupting its vital function of absorbing nutrients from the food. The disease affects predominantly children, but it can develop later in life as well. Untreated CD involves risk for major complications: Dermatitis herpetiformis (“the celiac disease of the skin”), nutritional deficiencies, osteoporosis, anaemia, fertility problems, neurological disturbances and malignancies. The only known treatment for CD is a lifelong adherence to gluten-free diet (GFD). In a Scandinavian genome wide scan, performed by our group and published in 2001, eight chromosomal regions apart from HLA showed nominal significance (p < 0,05), among them 5q31-33. This region was previously suggested as a susceptibility region in other complex diseases: asthma, type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. The main goal of this study was to explore the region of 18cM on 5q31-33, identify genetic risk factors and evaluate their contribution to the development of CD. In 2003 a joint analysis of four independent genome scans was performed by the European Genetics Cluster on Coeliac Disease, a collaborative work between six European research groups, including our. Data from Italian, Finnish, UK and Swedish/Norwegian cohorts, a total of 442 families, was pooled together and analysed. The meta-analysis using pooled data confirmed 5q31-33 as the second most significant region after the HLA region. After the meta-analysis, we applied a fine mapping strategy on the 18cM region on 5q31-33. The most essential result of this study was the strengthened linkage signal on 5q31-33 In 2006 we used the Illumina platform (GoldenGate assay technology) to perform an extensive screen of the region on 5q31-33. This study identified seven associated regions within 5q31-33 and a number of associated haplotypes but none of the association signals could explain the linkage peak observed in the families previously. In 2007 we performed a follow-up study of the association to the region comprising IL2/IL21 genes on 4q27, reported in the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) in celiac cases and controls. We confirmed that the IL2/IL21 region is a susceptibility region in CD. Unfortunately, the first GWAS failed to identify specific genes predisposing to CD. The GWAS as well as our own fine mapping study pointed out the difficulties scientists face in searching for the causing variants in complex diseases. It appears that causing variants may be hard to detect with association analysis alone because of the strong linkage disequilibrium in associated regions. However, the GWAS detected a number of CD associated genomic regions which remain to be explored.
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37.
  • Adamsson Eryd, Henrietta, 1983 (författare)
  • ”See there I’m stuck now!” Samtalsdeltagares orientering mot att tala svenska i amerikasvenska dialektintervjuer
  • 2019
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • This thesis is a qualitative investigation of a communicative project called tala svenska (speak swedish) in American Swedish dialect interviews. The aim of the study is to analyze and describe the communicative project. Based on this aim the study investigates the interviews as activities with accompanying frames, roles and phases. Interactional resources and how those are being used in doing the communicative project, and the activity, are also a part of the analysis. The material consists of audio and video recordings of American Swedish dialect interviews and the analysis is based on 12 recordings with 10 interviewees/participants and 6 interviewers. The participants are of different ages and have different reasons for speaking Swedish. Some of them have visited Sweden and speak Swedish on a regular basis, while some do not have anyone to talk Swedish to and have never visited Sweden. The analysis of the interviews, and the speakers’ usage of the interactional resources, show that in doing the joint communicative project of speaking Swedish, the participants and the interviewers use different strategies. Based on activity roles, the participants orient themselves toward achieving speaking Swedish, while the interviewers act toward the participants’ speaking by using intentional passivity. In the American Swedish dialect interviews the communicative project, i.e. speaking Swedish, is made visible through the participants use of the interactional resources code alternation, repair, meta comments and metalinguistic comments. Through marked and unmarked code alternation and through side sequences made by code alternation the participants orient themselves toward the communicative project of speaking Swedish as a part of the activity American Swedish dialect interviews. Repair and metalinguistic comments are being used to mark code alternation and that makes the communicative project tala svenska visible by speakers focusing on speaking Swedish. Code alternated side sequences that are meta comments or side sequences that do a different activity than the ongoing dialect interview, make the communicative project tala svenska visible by speakers uttering them in another code, i. e. leaving the inner frame and inner activity both by action and code.
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40.
  • Adelöf, Julia, 1990 (författare)
  • On Aging, Behavior and the Role of PA28αβ in Protein Homeostasis
  • 2020
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • As life expectancy increases, understanding challenges related to the processes of aging are more relevant than ever. Common age-related diseases progress as consequences of accumulative protein damage and protein aggregates. PA28αβ has previously demonstrated protective effects against proteinopathy and is involved in removal of protein damage early in mammalian embryonic development. In this thesis project, female and male mice overexpressing PA28αβ have been followed and analyzed throughout their lifespan to investigate the molecular function of PA28αβ and what physiological and behavioral effects its overexpression induces. Herein, the finding of a chaperone-like function of PA28αβ is demonstrated by enhanced aggregation prevention in hippocampal extracts from mice overexpressing PA28αβ. This function correlates to enhanced cognitive capacities represented as improved learning and memory in young adults and as exploratory activity in aging mice, the latter a strong behavioral marker of aging. Thus, we have found a previously unprecedented role of PA28αβ in neuronal protein homeostasis, which improves cognitive behavior in mice, but with altered behavioral outcomes in young and old mice. The neuronal role of PA28αβ and its cognitive effects combined with PA28αβ’s molecular mechanism of preventing protein aggregation, highlight a therapeutical potential of PA28αβ in combating proteinopathies, especially neurodegenerative diseases.
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