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- Persson, Håkan, et al.
(author)
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Investigation of the Early Flame Development in Spark Assisted HCCI Combustion Using High Speed Chemiluminescence Imaging
- 2007
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In: SAE, Session: Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) (Part 5 of 8) Optical Diagnostics. - 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Auto-ignition with SI-compression ratio can be achieved by replacing some of the fresh charge by hot residuals. In this work an engine is run with a negative valve overlap (NVO) trapping hot residuals. By increasing the NVO, thus raising the initial charge temperature it is possible to investigate the intermediate zone between SI and HCCI as the amount of residuals is increased. Recent research has shown the potential of using spark assistance to aid gasoline HCCI combustion at some operating conditions, and even extend the operating regime into regions where unsupported HCCI combustion is impossible. In this work the influence of the spark is studied in a single cylinder operated engine with optical access. Combustion is monitored by in-cylinder pressure and simultaneous high speed chemiluminescence imaging. It is seen that even for large NVO and thus high residual fractions it is a growing SI flame that interacts with, and governs the subsequent HCCI combustion. Using the spark timing it is possible to phase the combustion timing even when the major part of the released heat is from HCCI combustion. The flame expansion speed is decreases for higher NVO, but prevails also for high residual fractions. A higher spark advance is found to compensate for the slower flame expansion up to a point. The auto-ignition process is found to be stratified for both spark assisted HCCI as well as for pure HCCI. For pure HCCI the initial front spreading velocity is found to be in the same order of magnitude as for the expansion speed of the SI flame. Calculations to estimate the crank angle of auto-ignition are performed based on cylinder pressure information providing good statistics on how the proportion of SI to HCCI behaves for different operating conditions.
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- Persson, Katarina, et al.
(author)
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Stability of palladium-based catalysts during catalytic combustion of methane: The influence of water
- 2007
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In: Applied Catalysis B. - : Elsevier BV. - 0926-3373 .- 1873-3883. ; 74:3-4, s. 242-250
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The stability of methane conversion was studied over a Pd/Al2O3 catalyst and bimetallic Pd-Pt/Al2O3 catalysts. The activity of methane combustion over Pd/Al2O3 gradually decreased with time, whereas the methane conversion over bimetallic Pd-Pt catalysts was significantly more stable. The differences in combustion behavior were further investigated by activity tests where additional water vapor was periodically added to the feed stream. From these tests it was concluded that water speeds up the degradation process of the Pd/Al2O3 catalyst, whereas the catalyst containing Pt was not affected to the same extent. DRIFTS studies in a mixture of oxygen and methane revealed that both catalysts produce surface hydroxyls during combustion, although the steady state concentration on the pure Pd catalyst is higher for a fixed temperature and water partial pressure. The structure of the bimetallic catalyst grains with a PdO domain and a Pd-Pt alloy domain may be the reason for the higher stability, as the PdO domain appears to be more affected by the water generated in the combustion reaction than the alloy. Not all fuels that produce water during combustion will have stability issues. It appears that less strong binding in the fuel molecule will compensate for the degradation.
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