| 85511. |
- Hernek, Robert, 1952
(författare)
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Finns paleolitikum i Västsverige?
- 1998
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Ingår i: In situ : västsvensk arkeologisk tidskrift. - 1403-4964. ; 1998, s. 8-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 85512. |
- Hernek, Robert, 1952
(författare)
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Nytt ljus på Sandarnakulturen. Om en boplats från äldre stenålder i Bohuslän. : New light on the Sandarna Culture. A Mesolithic dwelling-site from the province of Bohuslän.
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In 1997 the author headed an excavation of a Mesolithic settlement site at Timmerås in the province of Bohuslän, western Sweden. The site proved to contain features of an extent with few parallels in southern Scandinavia. Most striking among them was a well-preserved hut, where the floor had been dug down below the ground level. The dwelling is dated to ca 8200 BP, which puts it in a late phase of the Middle Mesolithic (the Late Sandarna culture). The overriding purpose of this dissertation has been to present, interpret and understand the role that the settlement may have played. The finds are also interesting, adding new information to the chronology of Western Sweden. The identification of the dwelling was important, because it is a highly composite archaeological object that can supply important information about technology, economy, settlement pattern and social conditions. The basic structure of the dwelling is presumed to have comprised four standing posts arranged in a square. A 1:10 scale model of the dwelling can be seen at the Gothenburg City Museum and an almost full-scale reconstruction has been made for an impending television production. This showed among other things that the structure was virtually self-supporting. In the centre of the dwelling were at least two fireplaces on different levels in the cultural layer. It is likely that the strata represent traces of several habitations, i.e. that the cultural layer contains several floors on top of each other. The floor is presumed to have been a combination of bark, twigs, branches and perhaps seaweed. The overall picture shows that the place was probably used for a few seasons during the coldest months of the year. Most probably six to nine persons, who represent one household or an extended nuclear family, inhabited the site. There were also phenomena which can presumably be linked to the realm of ideas and beliefs. In the last habitation phase at the site, there were indications that the structure had been deliberately burned down. Two broken grinding stones found in the fireplace, as well as the presence of several smooth rounded stones could be connected to the abandonment. Grinding stones can be regarded as metaphoric tools of transformation. To deepen the discussion on that subject, a number of artefacts of special symbolic significance have been highlighted, one of them a previously unknown decorated object, a stone-hatchet from northern Bohuslän, showing that the shaman had an important function in the community. The main content of the incisions is connected with transformation processes, states of trance and spiritual journeys. Following the interpretations on this particular hatchet, other motifs from the Mesolithic could also be given new interpretations.
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| 85513. |
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| 85514. |
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| 85515. |
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| 85516. |
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| 85517. |
- Hernroth, Bodil, 1951, et al.
(författare)
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Factors influencing survival of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica (serovar Typhimurium) and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in marine environments
- 2010
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Ingår i: FEMS Microbiology Ecology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1574-6941 .- 0168-6496. ; 71:2, s. 272-280
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract The presence and persistence of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is poorly investigated in marine habitats. Here we compared ETEC with the more studied fecal contaminant, Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (S. enterica) and the marine bacteria Vibrio parahaemolyticus. All three species of bacteria were culturable on agar plates during 8 weeks of incubation in seawater. However, the culturability of ETEC was positively affected by low temperature whereas V. parahaemolyticus was negatively affected. High-nutrient conditions favored the growth of ETEC but not the other bacteria. When the bacteria were fed to blue mussels, V. parahaemolyticus inhibited the filtration activity and the ingestion was lower than that of the enterobacteria. On the other hand, the mussels were less efficient in eliminating V. parahaemolyticus and an in vitro study showed that the hemocytes of three different species of bivalves were not able to kill this strain of V. parahaemolyticus. The bactericidal capacity of bivalves was seemingly an efficient elimination pathway for S. enterica and ETEC. This study showed that ETEC in endemic areas should, to the same degree as S. enterica and V. parahaemolyticus, be taken in consideration when assessing the role of marine environments as a source of enteric infection.
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| 85518. |
- Hernroth, Bodil, 1951
(författare)
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Uptake and fate of pathogenic microbes in the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis
- 2002
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Bivalves, like the blue mussel Mytilus edulis, are filter-feeders and can therefore accumulate high numbers of microbes from the surrounding water. These shellfish are considered the main risk for bringing pathogens from domestic outlets in the sea, back to the community. Although Sweden has strict regulations for discharging waste-water, enteric human viruses were frequently found in mussels from the west coast. The viruses occurred even when the present indicator organism for faecal contamination, Escherichia coli, was found in low numbers. The European Commission has suggested bacteriophages (somatic coliphages, F-specific RNA phages, phages infecting Bacteroides fragilis) as more reliable indicators. However, environmental factors, such as water temperature and land run-off, influenced the indicators and human viruses differently and therefore they did not coexist. Furthermore, a series of laboratory experiments were performed in order to investigate if the content of viable bacteria in mussels can be affected by the cell surface properties of the bacteria and by the surrounding temperature. (i) The ingestion of Salmonella typhimurium was significantly increased when the negative cell surface charge of the bacteria was reduced through chemical modification. This treatment also altered the handling of the bacteria in the mussel stomach. Thus, the bacteria were recovered in different amounts and in different organs of the mussels. (ii) Survival of mutants of S. typhimurium when exposed to mussel haemocytes (in vitro) or inoculated into mussel haemolymph, was enhanced for mutants expressing more complete lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These mutants also managed to multiply in vivo and kill mussels when the temperature favoured bacterial growth. (iii) LPS extracted from S. typhimurium showed to be a trigger for antibacterial peptide activity when inoculated in the mussel haemolymph. The activity responded in a dose dependent manner and was enhanced by temperature.It can be concluded that the enrichment in the mussel can differ between microbes due to their cell surface properties. The content of viable microbes in the mussel tissue seemed to be more pronounced for the human bacterial pathogens. Such bacteria had a survival advantage particularly at higher temperatures. Therefore it does not seem adequate to use non-pathogenic E. coli as an indicator for human intestinal pathogens. These results as well as the fact that pathogens circulating in the community can be brought to the mussels via domestic drainage, should be taken into consideration when modelling risk assessment. Indicators should be evaluated with respect to the most risky pathogens present, and how the bivalves can handle these in relation to the particular environmental conditions in the area. Thus, we may have to accept that the choice of reliable indicators will differ between geographical areas and probably also on a seasonal basis.
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| 85519. |
- Hero, Christel, et al.
(författare)
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Adherence to lipid-lowering therapy and risk for cardiovascular disease and death in type 1 diabetes mellitus: A population-based study from the Swedish National Diabetes Register
- 2020
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Ingår i: BMJ Open Diabetes Research and Care. - : BMJ. - 2052-4897. ; 8:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims/hypothesis Dyslipidemia is an important modifiable risk factor and lipid-lowering treatment (LLT) is essential to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Studies in type 2 diabetes indicate that low adherence to statin therapy is a barrier to reach full protective potential, and less is known in type 1 diabetes (T1D). The aim was to assessrisk of CVD by adherence and nonpersistence to LLT in T1D. Method A population-based study with a retrospective longitudinal design was conducted between 2006 and 2010, with follow-up until December 2013. In total, 6192 adult individuals withT1D, initiatingLLTbetween 2006 and 2010, were included.Information on LLT, socioeconomic characteristics, comorbidities and cardiovascular eventswere collected. After 18 months, refill adherence was estimated by calculating medication possession ratio (MPR). Nonpersistence was defined as being without medicines on hand for at least 180 days. Individuals were thereafterfollowed untilCVD, deathorend of follow-up in December 2013. Cox regression analyses were performed to assess adherence level and nonpersistence of LLT as predictor ofCVD. Analyses wereadjusted for cardiovascular risk factors andsocioeconomic status. Results Mean MPRwas 72%, 52% of the participants had an MPR above 80% and 27% discontinued LLT. There were 637nonfataland58 fatal CVDevents, mean follow-up 3.6 and 3.9 years, respectively. MPR above 80% was associated with reduced risk for nonfatal CVD compared with lower MPR, HR 0.78 (95% CI 0.65 to 0.93)). For fatal CVD, results indicated a negative effect of high adherence but the association did not reach statistical significance, HR 1.96 (0.96 to 4.01). Individuals discontinuing LLT had higher risk of nonfatal CVD, HR 1.43 (95% CI 1.18 to 1.73). Conclusions/Interpretation In T1D, the risk for nonfatal CVD was lower among individuals with high adherence and higher among those discontinuing LLT within 18 months. It is important to evaluate andemphasize adherence toprescribedLLTat clinical visits to achieve treatment goals and reduce the risk of CVD. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020.
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| 85520. |
- Hero, Christel, et al.
(författare)
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Association Between Use of Lipid-Lowering Therapy and Cardiovascular Diseases and Death in Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes
- 2016
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Ingår i: Diabetes Care. - : American Diabetes Association. - 0149-5992 .- 1935-5548. ; 39:6, s. 996-1003
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effect of lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) in primary prevention on cardiovascular disease (CVD) and death in type 1 diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSWe used the Swedish National Diabetes Register (NDR) to perform a propensity score-based study. Propensity scores for treatment with LLT were calculated from 32 baseline clinical and socioeconomic variables. The propensity score was used to estimate the effect of LLT in the overall cohort (by stratification). We estimated risk of acute myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary heart disease, and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in individuals with and without LLT using Cox regression. A total of 24,230 individuals included in 2006-2008 NDR with type 1 diabetes without a history of CVD were followed until 31 December 2012; 18,843 were untreated and 5,387 treated with LLT (97% statins). The mean follow-up was 6.0 years.RESULTSThe propensity score allowed balancing of all 32 covariates, with no differences between treated and untreated after accounting for propensity score. Hazard ratios (HRs) for treated versus untreated were as follows: cardiovascular death 0.60 (95% CI 0.50-0.72), all-cause death 0.56 (0.48-0.64), fatal/nonfatal stroke 0.56 (0.46-0.70), fatal/nonfatal acute myocardial infarction 0.78 (0.66-0.92), fatal/nonfatal coronary heart disease 0.85 (0.74-0.97), and fatal/nonfatal CVD 0.77 (0.69-0.87).CONCLUSIONSThis observational study shows that LLT is associated with 22-44% reduction in the risk of CVD and cardiovascular death among individuals with type 1 diabetes without history of CVD and underlines the importance of primary prevention with LLT to reduce cardiovascular risk in type 1 diabetes.
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