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- Akselsson, Roland
(författare)
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Aerosol Sampling and Samplers Matched to PIXE Analysis
- 1984
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Ingår i: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B. ; 3:1-3, s. 425-430
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The PIXE method constitutes a tool for fast, reliable multi-elemental analysis of small samples. These properties are very attractive in aerosol sciences and in aerosol monitoring programmes. Thus PIXE allows the use of small samplers which are easy to deploy and could be operated for long periods even at more or less remote sites. For working environment aerosols, samplers with time resolution can be, and in a few cases are, designed for personal continuous sampling in the breathing zone. For both practical and economical reasons, PIXE, in many applications, facilitates the gathering of multi-elemental information about aerosols with more detailed size, site and time resolution when compared with conventional techniques. Conditions for maximum exploitation of the PIXE technique in aerosol research are development of suitable samplers, optimal sampling strategies and adequate analytical procedures taking the unique properties of PIXE into consideration. These developmental tasks require intense interactions between several research and development disciplines. In this paper, the state of the art of samplers matched to the PIXE method is reviewed.
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- Akselsson, Roland
(författare)
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PIXE in 1980: Summary of the Second International Conference on Particle Induced X-Ray Emission and its Analytical Applications
- 1981
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - 0018-9499. ; NS-28:2, s. 1369-1373
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Second International Conference on Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and its analytical applications was held in Lund, Sweden, June 9-12, 1980. About a hundred papers were presented, including seven invited talks (PIXE and particle scattering, microbeam analysis (2), applications to aerosols (2) and biological samples (2)). The main impression left by the conference was that both the PIXE method and its applications are in a phase of fast development. Considerable effort has successfully been devoted to optimizing the basic PIXE technique. Also the great advantage of simultaneously getting information about lighter elements and sample mass was reported to have been successfully employed in routine analyses. PIXE, which was initially considered to be a method mainly for thin samples, has also been shown to be competitive for a variety of thick samples. Consequently there were several papers dealing with problems characteristic of thick sample analysis. In this context, external beam analysis was also thoroughly discussed. Charged particle microprobes seem to be very attractive and several investigators reported progress on microprobe development and very interesting results of applied work. It is gratifying to note the increasing interest shown by non-physicists in using PIXE. These activities have greatly contributed to the fact that PIXE has now in a few areas left the phase of feasibility tests. E.g. an imposing amount of data from aerosol studies was presented. With the PIXE method, it is feasible to perform series of measurements over a long period of time, many samples in parallel and/or samples from sites of poor accessibility. However, the advantages of PIXE may be further exploited in aerosol investigations and some promising lines of sampler development were reported. Sample preparation techniques are crucial for applications to biological samples and several laboratories are engaged in such developmental work,. However, it was also evident that PIXE us already giving significant contributions to research in biology and medicine.
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- Bohgard, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Characteristics of Aerosols Containing Chromium and Nickel From Some Thermal Spraying Operations
- 1983
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Characterization of aerosols, emitted from five methods of thermal spraying with materials containing chromium and nickel were carried out. The characterization procedure includes the determinations of the metal content, the particle size distribution, the oxidation state of chromium and a measure of the solubility of chromium. Three different kinds of samplers and the analytical methods PIXE (Particle Induced X-ray Emission analysis), ESCA (Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis), AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry), spectrophotometry with DPC-reagent (sym-diphenylcarbazide), and TEM (‘Transmission Electron Microscopy) were used. The relative concentrations of the major elements in the aerosols agree with the relative abundances in the spraying material. A considerable part of the aerosol mass was found in the respirable fraction. Mass median aerodynamic diameters in the respirable fractions were below 0.5 µm. Hexavalent chromium, which is the oxidation state of chromium with the highest health hazard potential, was determined. Less soluble hexavalent chromium was detected in some of the spraying methods.
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- Bohgard, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Kontinuerliga tvåfraktionsinsamlare för övervakning av partikulära luftföroreningar i arbetsmiljö
- 1981
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Rapporten beskriver prototyper av kontinuerliga tvåfraktionsinsamlare för övervakning av partikulära luftföroreningar i arbetsmiljö som har konstruerats. En prototyp är personburen och ger möjligheter till insamling av två partikelstorleksfraktioner i 18 diskreta intervall. PIXE-metoden (analys med partikelinducerad röntgenstrålning) används för multielementanalys av de erhållna proven. Även med mycket korta insamlingstider, ner till 5 minuter, blir detektionsgränserna för de flesta element av yrkeshygieniskt intresse väsentligt lägre än sina respektive hygieniska gränsvärden. Rapporten inkluderar resultat från en enkel fältmätning som utgör ett exempel på de möjligheter den personburna provtagaren ger för yrkeshygieniska mätningar och undersökningar
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- Bohgard, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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MeV Protons for the Characterization of Aerosols in Work Environments
- 1981
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Ingår i: Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research. Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors, and Associated Equipment. - 0167-5087. ; 181:1-3, s. 459-463
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper the advantages of accelerator-based chemical analysis of work environment aerosols are discussed. Use of the PIXE method is central, but in order to take full advantage of the possibilities of an accelerator laboratory, it should be combined with nuclear methods such as particle-induced nuclear reactions and/or particle scattering for simultaneous measurements of light elements. It is also important to develop optimum sampling techniques for the analytical methods required. Some information about the current set-up in Lund is given. In a companion paper, the potential of PIXE for work environment tasks is illustrated by a summary of the design of two major studies. Some results are also included.
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