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- Serratos, Luis
(författare)
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Were there long-term economic effects of exposure to Polio Vaccination?: An analysis of migrants to Sweden 1946-2003
- 2019
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Recent research showed that exposure to the vaccine against polio in early life had no long-term economic benefits among native Swedes. However, whether this result holds for individuals from other countries remains unexplored. This study explores the relationship between exposure to the vaccine and later-life outcomes, but focuses on individuals who migrated to Sweden (birth cohorts 1946-1971), who constitute a diverse sample in terms of national origin. Using adifferences-in-differences approach and register data from the Swedish Longitudinal Immigrant Database, this study explores if being exposed to the vaccine against polio in the year of birth in the country of origin has any impact on adult income, educational achievement, or days or number of hospitalizations. The results are in line with the previous research in showing that there are no statistically significant effects on adult income, education, or health from exposure to the vaccine against polio, regardless of national origin. Furthermore, no scarring effects of exposure to polio epidemics were found on any of the outcomes, reinforcing the hypothesis that polio did not scar individuals in the same way as other contemporary epidemic diseases did, andthat the lack of scarring could explain the absence of long-term impact from vaccine exposure.
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| 4. |
- Brady, Mark, et al.
(författare)
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Modellerade miljöeffekter - för bättre ersättningar till jordbrukare
- 2021
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Ingår i: Policy brief / AgriFood Economics Centre.
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Miljöersättningar i landsbygdsprogrammet kritiseras för att inte vara kostnadseffektiva eller attraktiva för många jordbrukare, samt för att inte ta vara på jordbrukarnas kompetens och kreativitet för att lösa miljöproblem. Problemen beror i hög grad på att ersättningen betalas ut oavsett storleken på miljöeffekten, bara den avtalade åtgärden utförs. Utvecklingen av ett effektivare system för miljöersättningar har hämmats av svårigheter med att mäta miljöeffekter på gårdsnivå. Vi visar att:Om en miljöåtgärd ska vara kostnadseffektiv, dvs. uppnå miljöeffekter till lägsta möjliga kostnad, måste den genomföras på rätt plats. En modell (app) är ett praktiskt verktyg för att bedöma miljöeffekter av en åtgärd på olika platser i landskapet. Ersättningar baserade på modellerade miljöeffekter ger betalningssäkerhet och skapar engagemang hos jordbrukare i miljöarbetet, eftersom de får betalt för den förväntade miljöeffekten.
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| 5. |
- Felländer, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Achieving a Data-driven Risk Assessment Methodology for Ethical AI
- 2021
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The AI landscape demands a broad set of legal, ethical, and societal considerations to be accounted for in order to develop ethical AI (eAI) solutions which sustain human values and rights. Currently, a variety of guidelines and a handful of niche tools exist to account for and tackle individual challenges. However, it is also well established that many organizations face practical challenges in navigating these considerations from a risk management perspective. Therefore, new methodologies are needed to provide a well-vetted and real-world applicable structure and path through the checks and balances needed for ethically assessing and guiding the development of AI. In this paper we show that a multidisciplinary research approach, spanning cross-sectional viewpoints, is the foundation of a pragmatic definition of ethical and societal risks faced by organizations using AI. Equally important is the findings of cross-structural governance for implementing eAI successfully. Based on evidence acquired from our multidisciplinary research investigation, we propose a novel data-driven risk assessment methodology, entitled DRESS-eAI. In addition, through the evaluation of our methodological implementation, we demonstrate its state-of-the-art relevance as a tool for sustaining human values in the data-driven AI era.
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| 7. |
- Hedefalk, Finn, et al.
(författare)
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Childhood neighborhoods and cause-specific adult mortality in Sweden 1939-2015
- 2022
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The socioeconomic health gradient has widened since the mid-21st century, but the role of childhood neighborhoods remains underexplored. Most neighborhood studies on health are cross-sectional, and longitudinal research is lacking.We analyze how socioeconomic neighborhood conditions in childhood influence cause-specific deaths in adulthood. We use uniquely detailed geocoded longitudinal microdata for the Swedish town of Landskrona, 1939-1967, linked to Swedish national registers, 1968-2015. We measure neighborhood SES by social class and use dynamic sizes of individual neighborhoods. Cox proportional hazards models are employed to estimate the impact of neighbor’s social class in childhood (ages 1-17) on mortality in ages 40-69. We control for class origin, class in adulthood, schools, and physical neighborhood characteristics.The class of the nearby, same-age, childhood neighbors had a lasting effect on male all-cause and preventable, but not non-preventable, mortality. Men who grew up with having 10% more children from white-collar families as close-proximity neighbors had an 8% lower mortality risk due to preventable causes of death in adulthood. The mortality for women was not affected by their childhood neighbors, although both a lower adult class and class origin increased their mortality.Because preventable causes of death are linked to lifestyle factors, this study suggests that childhood neighborhood peers had a strong and lasting influence on the health behavior of men growing up before the health gradient was fully established. Hence, our applied life-course perspective on childhood neighborhoods is crucial to better understand the mortality differentials by SES.
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| 8. |
- Spiro, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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Six Policy Ideas for Coping with the COVID-19 Pandemic
- 2020
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- This white paper contains six policy ideas that may help countries in coping with theCOVID-19 pandemic. The paper focuses on policies that can slow down the spread of the disease, better protect high-risk groups and leverage that a large part of the labor force is idle. For each policy idea, we describe the problem it is meant to solve, what may be leveraged to solve it, and a brief analysis of benefits and risks.
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| 9. |
- van den Berg, Gerard, et al.
(författare)
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Mortality and the Business Cycle : Evidence from Individual and Aggregated Data
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 56, s. 61-70
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- There has been much interest recently in the relationship between economic conditions and mortality, with some studies showing that mortality is pro-cyclical, while others find the opposite. Some suggest that the aggregation level of analysis (e.g. individual vs. regional) matters. We use both individual and aggregated data on a sample of 20-64 year-old Swedish men from 1993 to 2007. Our results show that the association between the business cycle and mortality does not depend on the level of analysis: the sign and magnitude of the parameter estimates are similar at the individual level and the aggregate (county) level; both showing pro-cyclical mortality.
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| 10. |
- Sidemo Holm, William, et al.
(författare)
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Ekologisk odling för mer biologisk mångfald - var får man mest för pengarna?
- 2022
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Ingår i: Policy brief / AgriFood Economics Centre.
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Att odla ekologiskt istället för konventionellt bidrar till att öka den biologiska mångfalden. Den positiva effekten på biologisk mångfald är särskilt stor i odlingslandskap med få kvarvarande naturliga livsmiljöer som exempelvis naturbetesmarker. Samtidigt har sådana odlingslandskap ofta en hög jordbruksproduktion och därför är också kostnaderna i form av skördebortfall höga vid en övergång till ekologisk odling. I denna studie undersöker vi kostnaderna för att öka biologisk mångfald genom ekologisk odling, och hur dessa påverkas av det omgivande landskapet. Resultaten visar att: • Ekologisk odling ökar biologisk mångfald (mätt som antalet växtarter) mest kostnadseffektivt i landskap med en liten andel naturbetesmarker. • Kostnaden för att öka antalet växtarter med ekologisk odling ökar för varje tillkommen växtart. • Bevarande av naturbetesmarker har en större effekt på antalet växtarter än ekologisk odling.
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