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Sökning: LAR1:gu > Högskolan i Skövde > (2000-2004) > (2004)

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2.
  • Eek, Daniel, et al. (författare)
  • Effects of distributive goals on choices of allocation principles in a public-good dilemma
  • 2004
  • Ingår i: Paper presented at “The 10th conference of the international society for justice research (ISJR)”, Regina, Canada.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Extending previous research on the role of fairness in social dilemmas, two experiments investigated allocation preferences in public good dilemmas. In Experiment 1, fairness conceptions were a significant predictor of how participants allocated the public good to their group. Experiment 2 aimed at studying the impact of distributive goals on allocation preferences. Participants were assigned to one of three conditions in which the different goals were induced. As hypothesized, the different goals affected which allocation principle the groups used to allocate the resource. These findings suggest that people in a public good dilemma apply the allocation principle that serves a particular group goal, even though this may interfere with their perceptions of fair allocations
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3.
  • Eiben, Gabriele, 1960, et al. (författare)
  • Secular trends in diet among elderly Swedes - cohort comparisons over three decades
  • 2004
  • Ingår i: Public Health Nutrition. ; 7:5, s. 637-644
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Department of Primary Health Care, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Box 454, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden. gabriele.eiben@medfak.gu.se OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare dietary practices among different birth cohorts of 70-year-old Swedes, who were examined between 1971 and 2000. SETTING: Göteborg, Sweden. DESIGN: Four population-based samples of 1360 70-year-olds, born in 1901, 1911, 1922 and 1930, have undergone health examinations and dietary assessments over a period of almost three decades. One-hour diet history (DH) interviews were conducted in 1971, 1981, 1992 and 2000 with a total of 758 women and 602 women. The formats and contents of the dietary examinations were similar over the years. Statistical analysis of linear trends was conducted, using year of examination as the independent variable, to detect secular trends in food and nutrient intakes across cohorts. RESULTS: At the 2000 examination, the majority of 70-year-olds consumed nutritionally adequate diets. Later-born cohorts consumed more yoghurt, breakfast cereals, fruit, vegetables, chicken, rice and pasta than earlier-born cohorts. Consumption of low-fat spread and milk also increased, along with that of wine, light beer and candy. In contrast, potatoes, cakes and sugar were consumed less in 2000 than in 1971. The ratio of reported energy intake to estimated basal metabolic rate did not show any systematic trend over time in women, but showed a significant upward trend in men. CONCLUSIONS: The diet history method has captured changes in food selections in the elderly without changing in general format over three decades. Dietary quality has improved in a number of ways, and these findings in the elderly are consistent with national food consumption trends in the general population. PMID: 15251054 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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5.
  • Knutsen Rydberg, Ellen, 1969, et al. (författare)
  • Hypoxia increases LDL oxidation and expression of 15-lipoxygenase-2 in human macrophages
  • 2004
  • Ingår i: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. ; 24:11, s. 2040-2045
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • OBJECTIVE: Macrophage-mediated oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) by enzymes, such as the lipoxygenases, is considered of major importance for the formation of oxidized LDL during atherogenesis. Macrophages have been identified in hypoxic areas in atherosclerotic plaques. METHODS AND RESULTS: To investigate the role of hypoxia in macrophage-mediated LDL oxidation, we incubated human monocyte-derived macrophages with LDL under normoxic (21% O2) or hypoxic (0% O2) conditions. The results showed that hypoxic macrophages oxidized LDL to a significantly higher extent than normoxic cells. Interestingly, the mRNA and protein expression of 15-lipoxygenase-2 (15-LOX-2) as well as the activity of this enzyme are elevated in macrophages incubated at hypoxia. Both the unspliced 15-LOX-2 and the spliced variant 15-LOX-2sv-a are found in macrophages. In addition, 15-LOX-2 was identified in carotid plaques in some macrophage-rich areas but was only expressed at low levels in nondiseased arteries. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, these observations show for the first time that 15-LOX-2 is expressed in hypoxic macrophages and in atherosclerotic plaques and suggest that 15-LOX-2 may be one of the factors involved in macrophage-mediated LDL oxidation at hypoxia.
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6.
  • Kåberger, Tomas, et al. (författare)
  • Economic Efficiency of Compulsory Green electricity Quotas In Sweden
  • 2004
  • Ingår i: Energy and Environment. - : Multi-Science Publishing. - 0958-305X .- 2048-4070. ; 15:4, s. 675-697
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Green certificates are not an efficient as a measure to correct for the effect of environmental external costs of fossil fuels and nuclear power. Nor are they efficient as a measure to create markets for new electricity supply technologies.Removing subsidies and introducing environmental taxes on energy sources with undesired external effects more efficiently corrects for incurred environmental costs. It appears that guaranteed feed-in tariffs are a more efficient policy instrument to promote the industrialisation of technologies for new sustainable sources of electricity.Alternatively, the certificate scheme could be reformed in a number of ways to improve performance. However decisions to change or abolish the instrument cannot be taken lightly since instrument stability is very important for the credibility of future policy.
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7.
  • Oldfors, Anders, 1951, et al. (författare)
  • Myopathies associated with myosin heavy chain mutations
  • 2004
  • Ingår i: Acta myologica : myopathies and cardiomyopathies : official journal of the Mediterranean Society of Myology / edited by the Gaetano Conte Academy for the study of striated muscle diseases. - : The Mediterranean Society of Myology. - 1128-2460. ; 23:2, s. 90-6
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Myosin, a molecular motor, converts chemical energy into mechanical force. The motor domain of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) includes an ATP binding region with ATPase activity and an actin-binding region. Motor function is achieved by conformational changes, at hydrolysis, of ATP causing a shift in the angle between the actin binding head and the rod region of the molecule. The elongated alpha-helical coiled-coil rod region of MyHC molecules constitutes the major part of the thick filaments of the sarcomere. Three major MyHC isoforms are expressed in human skeletal muscle (type I, MYH7, expressed in type 1 fibres; IIa, MYH2, expressed in 2A fibres; IIx, MYH1, expressed in 2B fibres). While mutations in slow/beta cardiac MyHC (MYH7) are a common cause of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, no skeletal myopathies have, until recently, been associated with mutations in MyHC. A heterozygous mutation, Glu706Lys, in the core of the head of MyHC IIa is associated with a familial congenital myopathy, which, in most instances, has shown mild phenotypic expression in children but progressive course in some adults. There is a relationship between the level of expression of mutated MyHC IIa and muscle pathology. Some adults with a progressive course show muscle fibres with rimmed vacuoles and filaments of the type seen in inclusion body myositis/myopathy (IBM). Endurance training in a group of affected patients caused a shift in the expression of myosin from fast (IIx) to slow (I) isoforms but no reduction in the expression of MyHC IIa. A heterozygous mutation, Arg1845Trp, in the distal rod region of slow myosin (type I, MYH7) is associated with familial congenital myopathy, with large deposits of MyHC I in the subsarcolemmal region of type 1 muscle fibres, "Myosin storage myopathy". These patients showed slowly progressive muscle weakness but no overt cardiomyopathy. These two muscle diseases, which are caused by mutations in MyHC, form the basis of a novel entity: "Myosin myopathies".
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8.
  • Stibrant Sunnerhagen, Katharina, 1957, et al. (författare)
  • The effects of endurance training in persons with a hereditary myosin myopathy
  • 2004
  • Ingår i: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0001-6314 .- 1600-0404. ; 110:2, s. 80-6
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • OBJECTIVE: To evaluate muscle performance and its consequences in eight individuals with a hereditary myopathy and the effects of an 8-week endurance training program.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Handgrip, muscle strength and endurance and oxygen consumption by breath-by-breath analysis during a stepless bicycle ergonometer test were evaluated. Walking, balance test and activities of daily living (ADL) were assessed, and a questionnaire for activity level and perceived symptoms was used. The design was a before-after trial in comparison with data from a control population, bicycling at 70% of maximal workload, 30 min/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks.RESULTS: The subjects were weaker than age-matched controls. After training, the peak watt increased by almost 20% (P < 0.05). Muscle strength (flexion/extension) and isometric endurance (40% of maximum at 60 degrees ) did not change significantly. The average self-selected walking speed increased significantly (P < 0.05) from 1.25 to 1.45 m/s. Compliance was excellent and no serious adverse events occurred.CONCLUSION: Endurance training seems to function for this myopathy.
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9.
  • Tajsharghi, Homa, et al. (författare)
  • Induced shift in myosin heavy chain expression in myosin myopathy by endurance training
  • 2004
  • Ingår i: Journal of Neurology. - : Steinkopff-Verlag. - 0340-5354 .- 1432-1459. ; 251:2, s. 179-183
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We recently described a new autosomal dominant myopathy (OMIM #605637) associated with a missense mutation in the myosin heavy chain (MyHC) IIa gene ( MYH2), which encodes for the fast myosin isoform that is expressed in type 2A muscle fibers. There was a correlation between muscle pathology and expression of MyHC IIa. Low expression of the mutation was associated with a milder phenotype. Since physical activity influences MyHC isoform expression in normal individuals, we investigated whether endurance training can alter the expression of MyHC isoforms in patients with the MYH2 mutation. The expression of MyHC I, IIa and IIx was analysed in muscle specimens from six patients before and after an eight-week endurancetraining program by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immuno-histochemistry. There was a clear and consistent shift from fast to slow MyHC isoform expression, but the training program did not result in the desired reduction of MyHC IIa, which may be due to the limited time period of training. Fiber type transition was further illustrated by the appearance of hybrid muscle fibers expressing more than one MyHC isoform after the training period. All patients showed an increase in maximal workload but no significant change in isometric muscle strength.We conclude that endurance training in patients with myosin myopathy may be an important way to alter the expression of defective MyHC isoforms.
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10.
  • Warrén-Stomberg, Margareta (författare)
  • Postoperative pain management : Nurse perspectives on acute pain services
  • 2004
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Postoperative pain management (POPM) has remained an area of concern despite major efforts to improve pain assessment and management by the introduction of specified guidelines, advanced techniques for pain alleviation, and education of staff members. Different nurse specialists are involved in the perioperative care of surgical patients. It is still not known to what extent the specific information noted by the nurses about the individual surgical patient at the different steps of the perioperative management is taken into consideration so that a potentially more optimal, individualised POPM as part of acute pain services (APS) can be provided.The aims of the present study were to assess if information of potential value for the POPM is noted by nurse anaesthetists involved in the perioperative management of surgical patients and to what extent such information could be of value for an individualised POPM of surgical patients and if nurse involvement is of importance for the adequacy and efficacy of POPM routines in a nurse-based, anaesthesiologist-supervised acute pain service (APS) model on surgical wards.Semistructured interviews of nurse anaesthetists (n=40), questionnaire responses of staff members (n=375)/surgical patients (n=110) and assessment of medical records (n=135)/database data (n=222) were included for evaluation of factors of importance in the perioperative care and POPM of surgical patients. Descriptive statistics, non-parametric and parametric tests were used for the analysis of the data.It was found that nurse anaesthetists continuously monitor different stress evoked physiological signs induced by surgical interventions during general anaesthesia. Nurses considered the signs indicative of pain evoked stimuli and/or insufficient depth of anaesthesia. The intraoperative information of the response pattern and anaesthetic drug requirements of the individual patient noted by the nurse anaesthetist was considered at present not to be routinely taken into consideration but could be a successful strategy in an optimal multi-professional approach to postoperative pain management. The introduction of APS, using a nurse-based anaesthesiologist-supervised model, resulted in more adequate pain management routines, better patient satisfaction with information about POPM, and increased confidence in pain management among nurses on the surgical wards than was noted for the outcome data for the hospital not having introduced such an APS model. Database documentation of outcome measures of POPM for patients receiving postoperative epidural analgesia was found to provide valuable information about the adequacy of the POPM. The feedback of information from the anaesthesia services to the surgical ward nurses was found not to be efficient enough to make ward nurses properly aware of the importance of their own direct involvement in the documentation process of POPM and that such involvement could further optimise POPM outcome
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