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| 2. |
- Andershed, Henrik A., et al.
(author)
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The usefulness of self-reported psychopathy-like traits in the study of antisocial behaviour among non-referred adolescents
- 2002
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In: European Journal of Personality. - New York : John Wiley & Sons. - 0890-2070 .- 1099-0984. ; 16:5, s. 383-402
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Addresses the question of whether it is possible to use a self-report measure of psychopathic traits on non-referred youth samples to identify a subgroup of problematic youths who are particularly problematic and different from other problem youths. A large sample of 1,279 eighth-grade, non-referred adolescents (mean age 14.42 yrs), and their parents were assessed. Students completed self-report measures that assessed personality, conduct problems, and family functioning. Parents responded by completing and mailing in a questionnaire. Results show that the adolescents exhibiting a low-socialized psychopathy-like personality constellation had a more frequent, violent, and versatile conduct-problem profile than other low-socialized and well socialized adolescents. The psychopathy-like adolescents also differed from other poorly socialized adolescents in ways that suggested that their etiological background was different from adolescents with non-psychopathy-like conduct problems. The authors conclude that self-report measures can indeed be useful for research purposes in subtyping youths with conduct problems.
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| 3. |
- Andershed, Henrik
(author)
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Antisocial behavior in adolescence : the role of individual characteristics
- 2002
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The main aim of this dissertation is to investigate whether traits on the level of the individual are important in understanding violent, frequent antisocial behavior among adolescents. The first of the four studies included in this dissertation asks whether individual-level explanations are going to be a fruitful approach at all. The other three studies speak to the question which particular individual characteristics are related to violent, frequent antisocial behavior. Two different large samples of 14 to 16-year-old male and female non-referred adolescents were assessed. The adolescents were mainly assessed with self-report questionnaires but information from parents and teachers was also incorporated in one of the samples. Results show that aggressive, antisocial behavior for a subgroup of adolescents cuts across social contexts, indicating that their aggressive behavior is largely dependent on individual characteristics, more than on situational factors. It is further shown that a constellation of personality traits involving a grandiose, manipulative interpersonal disposition, callous, unemotional affective traits, and an impulsive, irresponsible behavioral style, characterizes a subgroup of antisocial adolescents who have more violent, frequent antisocial behavior than antisocial adolescents without this personality constellation. This same subgroup also shows more pronounced problem behaviors of other kinds — early behavioral problems, problems with inhibiting aggressive behaviors, and problems with hyperactivity, impulsivity, and attention. Moreover, the results show that the affective facet of this particular personality constellation, involving callous, unemotional traits, plays an important role in violent, frequent antisocial behavior independently of other antisocial-related dimensions such as impulsivity, hyperactivity, and sensation seeking traits. Importantly, the main findings were similar for males and females. It is concluded that specific personality traits are important to consider when moving further toward an understanding of violent, frequent antisocial behavior and that research on non-referred, community samples of youths can be particularly helpful for this purpose. Implications for prevention and intervention and directions for future research are discussed.
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| 4. |
- Andershed, Henrik, et al.
(author)
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Bullying in school and violence on the streets : are the same people involved?
- 2001
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In: Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention. - London : Taylor & Francis. - 1404-3858 .- 1651-2340. ; 2:1, s. 31-49
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Examined the relationship between bullying in school and street violence. 2,915 adolescents (aged 14-15 yrs) completed questionnaires concerning street violence, weapon carrying, violence victimization, loitering, bullying, and nights away from home. Results show that bullying others in school was strongly linked to violent behavior and weapon-carrying on the streets, both among males and females. Bullying others in school was also related to being violently victimized on the streets. Findings suggest that school bullying is in many cases a part of a more general violent and aggressive behavior pattern, and that preventive efforts targeting individuals with bullying behavior in school may decrease violence among adolescents in the community as well.
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| 5. |
- Andershed, Henrik, et al.
(author)
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Understanding the abnormal by studying the normal
- 2002
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In: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 0001-690X .- 1600-0447. ; 106:Suppl. 412, s. 75-80
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: In the present paper we ask whether it is meaningful to study psychopathic traits in non-referred youths and whether this kind of research can be used to understand the development of criminal full-blown psychopathy. Method: We review studies that have investigated the utility of assessing psychopathic traits in non-referred samples of youths. Results: Research shows that psychopathic traits in non-referred youths manifest similarly to how they are manifested among incarcerated offenders, as indicated by similarities in factor structures. Also, psychopathic traits relate similarly to frequent, violent antisocial behavior in non-referred youths as among adult and adolescent institutionalized criminal offenders. Thus, the differences between the non-referred conduct-problem youths exhibiting a psychopathic personality pattern and the incarcerated, criminal youths identified as psychopathic seem to be quantitative rather than qualitative. Conclusion: It is concluded that research on non-referred youth samples can provide important knowledge about the processes that underlie the development of psychopathic traits and how this development can be prevented. Implications for future research and intervention and prevention are discussed.
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| 6. |
- Andersson [Andershed], Anna-Karin
(author)
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The rhythm of adolescence : morningness-eveningness and adjustment from a developmental perspective
- 2001
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- In recent developmental research, sleep-wake patterns and preferences, in other words Morningness-Eveningness, have been shown to be related to various kinds of problem behavior. Previous research on adolescents has demonstrated that individuals with a sleep-wake preference toward staying up late in the evening and arising late in the morning (i.e., Eveningness), are more likely to face problems in development. Accordingly, Eveningness has been proposed as a risk factor in development, but through processes which researchers have not been able to fully explain. The present dissertation focuses on the relationship between Morningness-Eveningness and developmental patterns across contexts in adolescence. Links between Morningness-Eveningness, and negative adjustment, life style, personality characteristics, family relationships, peer networks, and school achievement, are discussed within an interactionistic framework. Also, factors that might explain and/or moderate these associations are elucidated. The empirical material stems from two cohorts of 8th grade adolescents in a middle size Swedish community. Eveningness is proposed to be a concurrent marker of risk behavior. However, there seems to be different kinds of Evening types that encounter different kinds of problems. Also, the present findings do not support the notion of Morningness being protective. How temporal patterns in general, and Eveningness in particular, are connected to other behaviors is emphasized as important knowledge for stemming negative developmental processes and facilitating positive outcomes.
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| 7. |
- Johansson, Peter, et al.
(author)
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On the operationalization of psychopathy : further support for a three-faceted personality oriented model
- 2002
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In: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 0001-690X .- 1600-0447. ; 106:suppl. s412, s. 81-85
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE:This study is an attempt to compare two alternative models of psychopathy (PCL-R); (i) the traditional 17-item two-factor model where the first factor describes a deceitful, manipulative and callous, unemotional dimension and the second factor describes the impulsive, irresponsible and antisocial behavioral lifestyle dimension; and (ii) a recently proposed 13-item three-factor model involving an interpersonal facet, an affective facet and a behavioral facet.METHOD:Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of PCL-R scores on a sample of 293 adult male violent offenders were conducted.RESULTS:The results of the exploratory factor analysis showed that the 13 items yielded three easily interpretable factors: an interpersonal factor, an affective factor and a behavioral/lifestyle factor. Through confirmatory factor analysis we showed that this model had a significantly closer fit to the data than the classical 17-item, two-factor model of the PCL-R.CONCLUSION:The study supports the three-faceted model of psychopathy.
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| 8. |
- Kerr, Margaret
(author)
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Childhood and adolescent shyness in long-term perspective : does it matter?
- 2000
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In: Shyness. - London : Routledge. - 0415224322 ; , s. 64-87
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In most western cultures, parents are concerned about children who seem to be shy. Developmentalists, as well, consider interactions with peers necessary to normal social development, and they usually consider shy behavior an obstacle to normal development. In this chapter, the author looks at whether these notions are supported when a long-term perspective is taken. Using data from a birth-to-midlife study, the author examines the links between childhood shyness and middle adulthood adjustment. Ss were from a suburb of Stockholm, and had been participating in a longitudinal study since they were born in the mid-1950s. Ss were seen every year until the age of 16 and then again at about ages 25 and 37. Results indicate that there were no relations between early shyness and any of the variables that tapped quality of relationships. In contrast, adolescent-developing shyness was a negative predictor of nearly all measures of the frequency and the quality of interactions with friends and partners. Concerning psychological well-being, early-developing shyness was clearly less problematic than later-developing shyness for males, but the same was not true for females. It appears that what is important for adult adjustment is the shyness that emerges in adolescence.
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| 9. |
- Kerr, Margaret
(author)
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Culture as a context for temperament : suggestions from the life courses of shy Swedes and Americans
- 2001
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In: Temperament in context. - Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. - 0805830197 ; , s. 118-129
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The author suggests a goodness-of-fit model that builds on previous models. She posits that, in any given culture, there are both psychological and practical features of the environment that reflect people's shared assumptions about behavior. As a result, the environment favors some temperamentally based behaviors over others, and the favored behaviors are then more likely to be associated with good developmental outcomes. The author draws examples of the various links in this model from the literature on shyness, inhibition, and anxiety, and compared findings from two studies of the life courses of shy people: one with an American sample (Caspi, Elder and Bem, 1988) and the other with a Swedish sample (Kerr, Lambert and Bem, 1996).
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| 10. |
- Kerr, Margaret, et al.
(author)
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Parenting of adolescents : action or reaction?
- 2003
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In: Children's influence on family dynamics. - Mahwah, NJ, : Lawrence Erlbaum. - 0805842713 ; , s. 121-151
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this chapter, the authors take a different approach from those of other researchers in this volume. They start with a robust set of correlational findings that researchers have virtually always attributed to parent effects, and they present empirical evidence that those particular findings might have been child effects. The study tested the possibility that parenting behaviors might be reactions to youths' delinquency, using data from a short-term longitudinal study of 1,283 youths in mid-adolescence. Measures of delinquency, child disclosure, parental solicitation, parental control, parental support, and parents' bad reactions to disclosure were used. While parental monitoring and parental styles literature concluded that parents' direct control of adolescents' activities and associations works protectively to keep youths away from bad friends and out of trouble, the study found that parents' behaviors were reactions to the youth's problem behavior rather than causes of it. Reasons for why these findings contradict so much previous literature are discussed.
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