| 4771. |
- Wikman, Sofia, 1971-
(författare)
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Mer personal -TACK! : En studie över åtgärder som hot och våldsutsatta vård- och omsorgsanställda anger i arbetsskadeanmälningar 1987, 1997 och 2007
- 2011
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Ingår i: NSfKs 53 Forskerseminar Balingsholm, Sverige 2011. - Háskólaprent ehf. : Nordisk Samarbejdsråd for Kriminologi. - 9788276880243 ; , s. 77-94
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Workplace violence is a complex occupational hazard that nurses are facing working in today's health care environment. Workplace safety is also undergoing a process of ‘responsibilization’. The purpose of this study is to examine the character of the incidents reported as occupational injuries due to violence and threats, over time and what safety measures that are recommended by the staff. The result suggest interventions measures concerning psychosocial factors and structural job aspects such as adequate staffing to be far more important than surveillance, staff training and penal sanctions.
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| 4772. |
- Wikman, Sofia, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Preventing school violence : Comparing policies in Sweden (Gothenburg) and US (Oakland)
- 2015
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Ingår i: Association for Women in Psychology 2015 National Conference. - : Association for Women in Psychology.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Based on content analysis of steering documents and interviews with principals in primary schools, this paper examines measures to prevent violence in Sweden and US. In comparison, US has implemented more preventive measures, from federal and state laws to restorative justice but is still struggling with much higher levels of violence.
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| 4773. |
- Wikman, Sofia, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Preventing school violence in Sweden and the US. What can we learn from Kungälv and Sandy Hook?
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Policies to prevent school violence in Sweden and in the United States are different, yet alike. In the US, school violence seems to be a growing problem but in Sweden it is decreasing. Not only has the US had substantially more school shootings; they have also implemented more preventive measures to combat school violence. This paper examines how school violence is handled in Sweden and the United States. The study is based on qualitative content analysis of educational steering documents and interviews with middle school and high school principals. Both in Sweden and the US, a crime perspective (where students are increasingly subjected to zero tolerance policies that are used primarily to punish, repress and exclude them), dominates how violence is treated and handled in schools. In the US students are increasingly subjected to a “crime complex” where harsh disciplinary practices by security staff increasingly replace normative functions teachers once provided both in and outside of the classroom. One obvious difference between the two countries is the emergence of a great number of federal and state laws in the US, such as the Gun-Free Schools Act of 1994. Schools in the US are also increasingly turning towards alternative methods like restorative justice as a mean for creating safer schools and social equity. One main point of the paper is also that the key to violence prevention might be found in a comparison of how normalized masculinity is operating in everyday dynamics, rather than differences in policies.
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| 4774. |
- Wikman, Sofia, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Preventing violence against public servants
- 2016
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Ingår i: A focus on four types of crime. - Stockholm : Brottsförebyggande rådet. ; , s. 149-150
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Preventing violence against public servantsFrom safety science, we have learned that in light of increasing demands and system complexity, we must adapt our approach to safety. We have to include new practices to look for what goes right, focus on frequent events, remain sensitive to the possibility of failure, to be thorough as well as efficient, and to view an investment in safety as an investment in productivity. But most people still think of safety as the absence of accidents and incidents (or as an acceptable level of risk). In this perspective, which is termed Safety-I, safety is defined as a state where as few things as possible go wrong. According to Safety-I, things go wrong due to technical, human and organizational causes – failures and malfunctions. Humans are viewed predominantly as a liability or hazard. The safety management principle is to respond when something happens or is categorized as an unacceptable risk. Accordingly, the purpose of accident investigation is to identify the causes and contributory factors of adverse outcomes, while risk assessment aims to determine their likelihood. Both approaches then try to eliminate causes or improve barriers, or both. However, the Safety-I view does not explain why human performance practically always goes right. The reason that things go right is not people behave as they are told to, but that people can adjust their work so that it matches the conditions. As systems continue to develop, these adjustments become increasingly important for successful performance. The challenge for safety improvement is to understand these adjustments, beginning by understanding how performance usually goes right. Despite the obvious importance of things going right, safety management has so far paid relatively little attention to this view – Safety-II.
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| 4775. |
- Wikman, Sofia, 1971-
(författare)
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Preventing Violence at Work: Descriptions of Safety Measures from Swedish Trade Union Journals 1978-2004
- 2010
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Ingår i: <em>67th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology</em>.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The increased focus on the crime victim in the political sphere, has made it possible to develop an individualized criminal policy, where responsibility is emphasized. The main purpose of this study is to examine whether perceptions of interventions aimed at violence in the workplace have changed since the 1970s as portrayed by Swedish trade union journals. The occupational health perspective is the most common. Here threats and violence are seen as something preventable, and are mainly dealt with within the workplace. In the beginning of the study period, structural factors are seen as the dominating explanation for workplace violence and methods of intervention take this perspective. The crime perspective rises in the 1990s – even though the “perpetrator” now can be non-traditional (such as nurses or the elderly). It is characterized by individualization and an increasing focus on the crime victim. Within this perspective, the method of intervention becomes the control- and justice functions of larger society. Interestingly, organizational violence (corporate neglect) emerges as a new form of violence that challenges individualization as the major explanation to this development. The result shows search for accountability as a salient factor for understanding the development towards an increasing use of penal sanctions.
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| 4776. |
- Wikman, Sofia, 1971-
(författare)
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Proposed measures to combat violence in Swedish occupational injury reports 1987, 1997 and 2007
- 2014
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Ingår i: Violence in the Health Sector. Fourth International Conference on Violence in the Health Sector. - Amsterdam : Kavanah. - 9789057401411 ; , s. 240-241
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- One of the advantages associated with studying occupational injury reports is that they provide an opportunity to examine the views regarding preventive measures held by the victims themselves. In addition, they have also been collected for a long period, which allows us to examine whether there have been changes over time. The current study focuses on 1.400 reports from three specific years: 1987, 1997 and 2007.
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| 4777. |
- Wikman, Sofia, 1971-
(författare)
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Secondary victimization of professionals accused of white-collar crime
- 2015
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Ingår i: Finance, harm and white collar crime: An international workshop. - : KTH Royal Institute of Technology.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The social-constructionist line of criminology has accelerated since 1963 when Howard Becker argued that those who draw the lines between acceptable and unacceptable behaviour perhaps are more interesting than those who cross them. “Deviance is created by society, not a quality of the act the person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by others of rules and sanctions to an ‘‘offender’’. From this position, culpability arises out of our ways of seeing and describing acts. For all acts, including those seen as unwanted, there are dozens of possible alternatives. The criminal prosecution of professional mistake is seen as growing problem in a number of safety-critical domains such as healthcare and finance, as it may seriously threaten safety initiatives in these fields. But at the same time, secondary victimization of professionals accused of crime also meet obstacles related to victimology, as well as the epistemological propensities in criminology.
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| 4778. |
- Wikman, Sofia, 1971-
(författare)
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The Juridification of Workplace Violence (WPV)
- 2015
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Ingår i: Workplace Violence and Aggression.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Since perceptions and definitions of violence are context-dependant; the amount of attention society directs at a given social problem affects both how it is perceived and the extent to which it becomes visible in official statistics. But the way in which a problem is defined is also of significance in relation to the measures that are proposed as a means of coming to terms with it.Aims: The objective is to analyse how the development of WPV as a social problem might be understood.Methods: On the basis of a contextual constructivist approach, the extent of and trends in complex social problems are viewed as being linked to both actual changes in underlying conditions (the objective explanation) and shifts in perceptions of what the problem consists in and how it should be dealt with (the constructionist explanation). The study of these two explanations requires different types of data. The data employed in this project are drawn from nationally representative victim surveys, articles published in trade journals and occupational injury reports in Sweden.Results: Defining violence as a societal problem produces a situation where the problem must be resolved by means of legal strategies, which leads to the concealment of the underlying causes. Knowledge appears to exist at workplaces themselves, but these are not given the resources they need to resolve the problem. What we are failing to address are the underlying factors that serve to structure the framework in which these interactions take place.Conclusion: Although more attention is now being focused on WPV, it appears to be a “top-down” perspective that is determining which measures should be introduced. Defining violence as a societal problem produces a situation where the problem must be resolved by means of legal strategies, which leads to the concealment of the underlying causes of the problem.Goals: Although the objective of crime prevention today has considerable legitimacy and is furnished with relatively substantial resources, we are at risk of completely failing to prevent violence as a result of having an overly simplistic understanding of the problem. To the extent that we lack both an analysis of the negative effects of social change on the prevalence of WPV and any interest in using measures other than legal strategies focused on individuals, we risk finding ourselves in a situation where measures to combat WPV are restricted to a focus on personal interactions between staff and clients.
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| 4779. |
- Wikman, Sofia, 1971-
(författare)
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Threats and Violence in the Care Sector Proposed Safety Measures in Swedish Occupational Injury Reports 1987, 1997, and 2007
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Criminal Justice Review. - : Sage Publications. - 1057-5677 .- 1556-3855. ; 24:2, s. 172-193
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Workplace violence is a complex occupational hazard that health care staffs are facing in today’s work environment. This study examines the safety measures recommended by staff in occupational injury reports filed in the wake of violence- and threat-related injuries. The results suggest that measures relating to psychosocial factors and structural factors such as adequate staffing are much more important than surveillance, staff training, and penal sanctions.
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| 4780. |
- Wikman, Sofia, 1971-
(författare)
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Varför ökar det arbetsrelaterade våldet?
- 2016
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Ingår i: Arbetsmarknad & Arbetsliv. - Karlstad : Arbetsmarknadsstyrelsen. - 1400-9692 .- 2002-343X. ; 22:2, s. 49-66
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Kriminologer brukar samstämmigt hävda att våldet över tid har minskat. För några arenor gäller inte detta mönster. Arbetslivet är till exempel ett undantag där våldet syns öka sedan 1990-talet. Varför då? Syftet med den här artikeln är att beskriva omfattning och utveckling av våld i arbetslivet, hur våld i arbetslivet uppmärksammats samt vilka åtgärder som föreslås för att komma till rätta med problemet.
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