| 41. |
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| 42. |
- Kjellberg, Anders
(författare)
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Psykologiska aspekter på hörselskador hos musiker
- 2007
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Ingår i: Musik, musiker och hörsel. - Stockholm : Arbetsmiljöverket. ; , s. 65-71
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sedan länge har det hävdats att om man gillar musiken löper man inte risk att skadas av den. För detta finns inget stöd, men däremot finns visst stöd för att ljud som upplevs som obehagliga leder till större temporär hörselnedsättning än emotionellt neutrala eller positiva ljud. Att man tycker att ett ljud är obehagligt skulle alltså möjligen kunna öka risken för hörselpåverkan. Detta skulle i så fall kunna vara en effekt av att den fysiologiska stressreaktionen ökar känsligheten hos hörselorganet. Många aspekter av musikers arbetsförhållanden kan bidra till att göra arbetet stressande, men arbetsvillkoren skiljer sig mycket mellan olika musikergrupper. Inga studier har påvisat att risken för permanent hörselnedsättning påverkas av attityd till ljudet eller av stress. Samband har påvisats mellan psykiatriska symptom och förekomsten av tinnitus och besvärens styrka, och besvären är ofta mest påträngande i stresstillstånd. Inga studier har dock kunnat påvisa att psykologiska förhållanden har betydelse för uppkomsten av tinnitus. Hörselnedsättning, tinnitus och andra hörselskador kan få särskilt dramatiska konsekvenser för musiker och de upplevs därför också som ett särskilt stort hot av denna grupp.
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| 43. |
- Kjellberg, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Recall of words heard in noise
- 2008
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 22:8, s. 1088-1098
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the study was to explore if recall of words and recognition of sentences orally presented was affected by a background noise. A further aim was to investigate the role of working memory capacity in performance in these conditions. Thirty-two subjects performed a word recall and a sentence recognition test. They repeated each word to ensure that they had heard them. A reading span test measured their working memory capacity. Performance on the word recall task was impaired by the background noise. A high reading span score was associated with a smaller noise effect, especially on recall of the last part of the word list
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| 44. |
- Kjellberg, Anders
(författare)
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Reverberation time, cognitive load and fatigue
- 2004
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Ingår i: 28th International Congress of Psychology, Beijing, 2004.
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Konferensbidrag (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Speech communication under unfavourable acoustic conditions means that a larger part of the limited working memory resources must be allocated to the phonological coding of the speech. Less resources therefore remain for the further processing of speech: integration of current information with previously presented parts of the speech and with permanently stored information and the more permanent storing of new information. Effects of reverberation time on the listener’s cognitive load and learning are discussed from this perspective. Studies are needed of reverberation effects in realistic long-lasting speech communication situations to better understand the effect of RT on speech communication.
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| 45. |
- Kjellberg, Anders, 1942-, et al.
(författare)
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Stress, energy and psychosocial conditions in different types of call centres
- 2010
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Ingår i: Work. - 1051-9815 .- 1875-9270. ; 36:1, s. 9-25
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To identify risk indicators for high stress and low mental energy as well as to describe psychosocial working conditions at different types of call centres. Participants: 1183 operators from 28 call centres in Sweden, both external and internal, with different levels of task complexity, ownership and geographical location. Method: A cross sectional questionnaire study. Results: The stress level was moderately high and the energy level fairly high. Stress levels tended to be lower and psychosocial conditions better with increasing level of task complexity. Fourteen per cent of the operators were in a state of high stress/low energy ("worn out") and 47% in high stress/high energy ("committed under pressure"). Operators in a state of low stress/high energy ("committed without pressure") were most likely to report a better health status. High stress and lack of energy was mainly associated with time pressure, low decision latitude, and lack of social and supervisor support. Conclusions: Time pressure in combination with lack of support and influence should be seen as a potential high risk situation for the development of a "worn-out" state among call centre operators. Management should make use of this knowledge in order to promote a long lasting efficient and healthy call centre work.
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| 46. |
- Kjellberg, Anders
(författare)
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The effect of reverberation time on cognitive load in speech communication
- 2004
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Ingår i: Internoise, Prague.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research on the cognitive processing of speech indicates that the probability of correct identification of words is an insufficient indicator of how reverberation time (RT) affects speech communication. Speech communication under unfavourable reverberation conditions means that a larger part of the limited working memory resources must be allocated to the phonological coding of the speech. Less resources therefore remain for the further processing of speech: integration of current information with previously presented parts of the speech and with permanently stored information and the more permanent storing of new information. Even if reverberation conditions allow the identification of almost all words they may therefore have the effect that the spoken message is less well understood and remembered. Effects of the RT on the listener’s cognitive load, fatigue and learning are discussed from this perspective. It is argued that we need studies of reverberation effects in realistic long-lasting speech communication situations to better understand the effect of RT on speech communication.
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| 47. |
- Kjellberg, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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The role of the affective stress response as a mediator of the effect of psychosocial risk factors on musculoskeletal complaints - Part 1 : Assembly workers
- 2007
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Ingår i: International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-8141 .- 1872-8219. ; 37:4, s. 367-374
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This cross-sectional study of a group of assembly workers (n=289) tested the hypothesis that affective stress responses mediate the effect of psychosocial work conditions on musculoskeletal complaints (MSCs). Self-reported work demands, control, social support, stress, energy, and MSCs were analysed in hierarchical logistic regression analyses. High work demands were related to a higher risk of shoulder problems. Work demands and social support, but not control, were related to stress; and more musculoskeletal complaints were found in the group with high stress than in the low-stress group. The analyses supported the hypothesis that the effects of work demands on shoulder problems were mediated by the affective stress response, whereas this did not seem to be the case for the effect of social support and control conditions on neck problems. A weaker relation to psychosocial work conditions was shown for back problems than for shoulder and neck problems. Relevance to industry: Psychosocial work conditions have repeatedly been shown to be related to risk of musculoskeletal complaints. Individual subjective stress responses may help to identify those who are at risk with respect to shoulder complaints.
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| 48. |
- Ljung, Robert, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Long reverberation time decreases recall of spoken information
- 2009
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Ingår i: Building Acoustics. - : SAGE Publications. - 1351-010X .- 2059-8025. ; 16:4, s. 301-311
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the study was to explore if a long reverberation time has the same effect on recall of spoken words as background noise was shown to have in a previous study. A further aim was to study the influence of working memory capacity on performance in these conditions. Thirty-two subjects performed a word recall and a sentence recognition test. They repeated each word to ensure correct identification. A reading span test measured their working memory capacity. Performance of the word recall task was impaired by the long reverberation time. The effect was most evident in the primacy part of the word list. No correlation was found between reading span score and recall performance.
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| 49. |
- Ljung, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Memory of a text heard in noise
- 2008
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Ingår i: ICBEN 2008. - Dortmund : IfADo. - 9783980834254 ; , s. 450-453
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- When spoken information is presented in unfavourable listening conditions a larger part of the available and limited information processing resources must be allocated to the identification of the words spoken. This leaves fewer resources for the further processing of the speech (the interpretation and storing of the information). In such circumstances understanding and memory of speech might be impaired although each word has been correctly heard. This hypothesis was confirmed in two previous studies where memory of a word list was shown to be impaired when presented in unfavourable listening conditions: unfavourable signal/noise ratio (Kjellberg, Ljung & Hallman, 2008) and a too long reverberation time (Ljung & Kjellberg, in press). Kjellberg et al. also found that the noise effect was weaker the better the working memory capacity (as measured with a reading span task).
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| 50. |
- Ljung, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Poor listening conditions impair memory for intelligible lectures : implications for acoustic cassroom standards
- 2009
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Ingår i: Building Acoustics. - : SAGE Publications. - 1351-010X .- 2059-8025. ; 16:3, s. 257-265
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper reports two experiments on the effects of degraded speech signals on memory for spoken lectures. Experiment 1 showed that broadband noise impairs university students' memory for a spoken lecture, even though the participants heard what was said. Experiment 2 showed that reverberation has detrimental effects to school adolescents' memory for spoken lectures, similar to broadband noise. The results suggest that poor listening conditions (resulting from background noise and/or long reverberation time) impair memory and learning, even if the conditions allow the listeners to hear what is said. Since the goal for students and pupils attending to lectures is to remember the lecture rather than just hearing what is said, the results presented here indicate that standards for acceptable signal-to-noise ratios and reverberation times in buildings designed for learning should consider the distinction between speech intelligibility and memory. Standards should be based on memory criteria instead of intelligibility criteria.
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