| 1. |
- Fallberg, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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CVD of Copper(I) Nitride
- 2009
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Ingår i: Chemical Vapor Deposition. - Weinheim : WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. - 0948-1907 .- 1521-3862. ; 15:10-12, s. 300-305
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Copper(I) nitride (Cu3N) is deposited by CVD using copper(II) hexafluoroacetylacetonate (Cu(hfaC)(2)), ammonia, and water as precursors. The influences of process parameters on growth rate, phase content, chemical composition and morphology are studied. The introduction of water is found to increase film growth rate on the SiO2 substrate. Films are deposited in the temperature range 250-550 degrees C. Single-phase Cu3N is obtained up to 400 degrees C. A phase mixture Of Cu3N and Cu is obtained at 425 degrees C, while a temperature of 550 degrees C and above yields single-phase Cu. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirms that Cu3N has the cubic, anti-ReO3-type structure; with a cell parameter in the range 3.805-3.816 angstrom. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) verifies the Cu3N stoichiometry. The films are free from impurities (below the detection limit of 1%) at a large excess of ammonia. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows facetted grains, with the faces becoming more well-defined at higher temperatures.
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| 2. |
- Lindahl, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Atomic Layer Deposition of NiO by the Ni(thd)2/H2O Precursor Combination
- 2009
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Ingår i: Chemical Vapor Deposition. - : WILEY. - 0948-1907 .- 1521-3862. ; 15:7-9, s. 186-191
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Polycrystalline nickel oxide is deposited on SiO2 substrates by alternating pulses of bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dionato)nickel(II) (Ni(thd)(2)) and H2O. The deposition process shows atomic layer deposition (ALD) characteristics with respect to the saturation behavior of the two precursors at deposition temperatures up to 275 degrees C. The growth of nickel oxide is shown to be highly dependent on surface hydroxide groups, and a large excess of H2O is required to achieve saturation. Throughout the deposition temperature range the amount of carbon in the film, originating from the metal precursor ligand, is in the range 1-2%. Above 275 degrees C ALD growth behavior is lost in favor of thermal decomposition of the metal precursor. The initial nucleation process is studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and reveals nucleation of well-separated grains which coalesce to a continuous film after about 250 ALD cycles.
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| 3. |
- Lindahl, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Chemical Vapour Deposition of Metastable Ni3N
- 2009
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Ingår i: EuroCVD17/CVD17. - : The Electrochemical Society. - 9781607680956 ; , s. 365-372
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Metastable nickel nitride (Ni3N) has been chemically vapour deposited by the use of bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)Ni(II) (Ni(thd)2) and ammonia precursors. The growth on both non-etched Si(100) and amorphous SiO2 is polycrystalline at deposition temperatures between 200-290{degree sign}C. However, at the highest temperatures the impurity level of oxygen and carbon originating from the metal precursor ligand, is about 5%. The growth rate dependence of temperature is divided into three different regions with large differences in activation energies, interpreted as different factors controlling the growth. In addition the deposition rate as a function of precursor supply as well as the incubation time for the growth initiation are different at temperatures which are further indications of differences in reaction mechanism. By substitution of NH3 for H2 to the reactant gas the growth mechanism is shown to occur via surface -NHx groups.
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| 4. |
- Lindahl, Erik, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Epitaxial NiO(100) and NiO(111) films grown by atomic layer deposition
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Crystal Growth. - : Elsevier. - 0022-0248 .- 1873-5002. ; 311:16, s. 4082-4088
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Epitaxial NiO (1 1 1) and NiO (1 0 0) films have been grown by atomic layer deposition on both MgO (1 0 0) and alpha-Al2O3 (0 0 1) substrates at temperatures as low as 200 degrees C by using bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)Ni(II) and water as precursors. The films grown on the MgO (1 0 0) substrate show the expected cube on cube growth while the NiO (1 1 1) films grow with a twin rotated 180 degrees on the alpha-Al2O3 (0 0 1) substrate surface. The films had columnar microstructures on both substrate types. The single grains were running throughout the whole film thickness and were significantly smaller in the direction parallel to the surface. Thin NiO (1 1 1) films can be grown with high crystal quality with a FWHM of 0.02-0.05 degrees in the rocking curve measurements.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Ottosson, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Det här är hög standard - Peps, SAF och sextimmarsdagen
- 2009
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Ingår i: Arbetsmarknad & Arbetsliv. - 1400-9692 .- 2002-343X. ; 15:1, s. 11-26
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Ett begrepp i den politiska retorikens centrum är "arbetslinjen". Frågan är dock med vilka argument arbetets värde har hävdats. Denna artikel handlar om med vilka argument SAF hävdade arbetslinjen 1975. I en situation då det möjliga språkbruket var styrt av vänsterrörelsen blev nyckelorden solidaritet, U-hjälp och dagisplatser snarare än tillväxt och konsumtion. De som önskade en arbetstidsreduktion framställdes som miljöbovar och motståndare till frigörelse av såväl förtryckta kvinnor som tredje världens fattiga.
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| 7. |
- Ottosson, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Det här är hög standard - Peps, SAF och sextimmarsdagen 1975
- 2009
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Ingår i: Arbetsmarknad & Arbetsliv. - Karlstad : Karlstads universitet. - 1400-9692. ; 15:1, s. 11-26
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ett begrepp i den politiska retorikens centrum är ”arbetslinjen”. Frågan är dock med vilka argument arbetets värde har hävdats. Denna artikel handlar om med vilka argument SAF hävdade arbetslinjen 1975. I en situation då det möjliga språkbruket var styrt av vänsterrörelsen blev nyckelorden solidaritet, U-hjälp och dagisplatser snarare än tillväxt och konsumtion. De som önskade en arbetstidsreduktion framställdes som miljöbovar och motståndare till frigörelse av såväl förtryckta kvinnor som tredje världens fattiga.
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| 8. |
- Ottosson, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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I nationens intresse - arbetstidsdebatten i Sverige 1918-1921
- 2009
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Ingår i: Arbetsmarknad & Arbetsliv. - Karlstad : Karlstads universitet. - 1400-9692 .- 2002-343X. ; 15:3, s. 49-64
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- I det tidiga 2000-talet står begreppet arbetslinjen i den politiska retorikens centrum. Regeringspartierna och oppositionen tävlar om vem som bäst hävdar arbetslinjen. Även om begreppet som sådant inte har använts lika frekvent under 1900-talet är dock frågan hur arbetets värde har hävdats. Denna artikel handlar om vilka argument SAF och LO använde i debatten om åttatimmarsdagen kring 1920. I likhet med idag präglades debatten av vem som bäst kunde uttolka samhällets eller nationens behov.
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| 9. |
- Svensson, Inger-Lise, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Socio-Techincal Aspects of Potential Future Use of Excess Heat from Kraft Pulp Mills
- 2009
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Ingår i: 22nd International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems. ; :Paper 0612, s. 995-1004
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The pulp and paper industry is one of the largest energy users in Sweden and in 2007 2.2 TWh of heat was delivered from pulp mills, mainly to district heating systems. In this study, two market kraft pulp mills and two energycompanies (ECOs) have been interviewed about their views on excess heat, energy efficiency and energy strategies.The interviews have been brought together with results from previous optimization studies concerning kraft pulp millexcess heat by the authors and results from other related work in a socio-technical synthesis that aims to provide amore comprehensive view on the factors that influence the utilization of kraft pulp mill excess heat than achieved inprevious studies. The results show that the kraft pulp mills are more positive towards sales of excess heat than theECOs, which can be related to the fact that the ECOs take a greater risk when entering a heat cooperation. Anotherbarrier to co-operations is the already existing utilities in the ECOs that compete with excess heat for the position asbase load in the district heating systems. Both internal and external use of excess heat can benefit from policymeasures. Other important factors are the view on energy-related investments in the mill, the level of communicationbetween the parties, and the goodwill qualities obtained through energy-efficient solutions.
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| 10. |
- Thollander, Patrik, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring energy management in the Swedish pulp and paper industry : Volume 3
- 2009
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Ingår i: Act! Innovate! Deliver! Reducing energy demand sustainably. - : eceee. - 9789163344541 ; , s. 1051-1058
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Swedish pulp- and paper industry is a considerable user of energy, accounting for about 50 percent of the Swedish industrial energy use and 2 percent of the EU-25 industrial energy use. Its high energy use makes this industry particularly important in terms of energy efficiency. Previous research has emphasised the need for companies’ to have well functioning energy management practices in order to increase energy efficiency. This paper describes and analyses energy management practices in the Swedish pulp and paper industry. A questionnaire was sent out to the person in charge of the energy issue at all Swedish mills and 40 replies were received, a response frequency of 68 percent. The results show that the energy issue has been given increasingly higher priority over the past 10 years. However, in spite of this, overall results from the questionnaire show that there is still potential for improving energy management in the studied industry. More than 20 percent of the studied mills lack a long-term energy strategy, and less than half of the studied mills have an energy strategy covering at least five years. These results indicate that the implementation of a long-term energy strategy in this energy intensive industry, in combination with other means, could be of utmost importance for increasing energy efficiency. In conclusion, based on the research results presented in this paper, a different energy policy design for the industry seems to be needed, which could be very fruitful if it focuses on establishing more efficient energy management practices and includes all energy carriers. Moreove, the fact that more than 20 percent of the studied mills lack a long-term energy strategy and the fact that the Swedish EMS standard does not require such a strategy to be formulated indicates the need for further studies regarding a plausible inclusion of a long-term energy strategy in the EMS standard.
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