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- Denby, B. R., et al.
(författare)
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Road salt emissions : A comparison of measurements and modelling using the NORTRIP road dust emission model
- 2016
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 141, s. 508-522
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- De-icing of road surfaces is necessary in many countries during winter to improve vehicle traction. Large amounts of salt, most often sodium chloride, are applied every year. Most of this salt is removed through drainage or traffic spray processes but a certain amount may be suspended, after drying of the road surface, into the air and will contribute to the concentration of particulate matter. Though some measurements of salt concentrations are available near roads, the link between road maintenance salting activities and observed concentrations of salt in ambient air is yet to be quantified. In this study the NORTRIP road dust emission model, which estimates the emissions of both dust and salt from the road surface, is applied at five sites in four Nordic countries for ten separate winter periods where daily mean ambient air measurements of salt concentrations are available. The model is capable of reproducing many of the salt emission episodes, both in time and intensity, but also fails on other occasions. The observed mean concentration of salt in PM10, over all ten datasets, is 4.2 μg/m3 and the modelled mean is 2.8 μg/m3, giving a fractional bias of −0.38. The RMSE of the mean concentrations, over all 10 datasets, is 2.9 μg/m3 with an average R2 of 0.28. The mean concentration of salt is similar to the mean exhaust contribution during the winter periods of 2.6 μg/m3. The contribution of salt to the kerbside winter mean PM10 concentration is estimated to increase by 4.1 ± 3.4 μg/m3 for every kg/m2 of salt applied on the road surface during the winter season. Additional sensitivity studies showed that the accurate logging of salt applications is a prerequisite for predicting salt emissions, as well as good quality data on precipitation. It also highlights the need for more simultaneous measurements of salt loading together with ambient air concentrations to help improve model parameterisations of salt and moisture removal processes. © 2016 The Authors
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- Fischer, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Ozone removal by occupants in a classroom
- 2013
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 81, s. 11-17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ozone concentrations were measured in a classroom with and without occupants, with the purpose to quantify effects on indoor O3 concentrations. The teacher and 24 11-year old pupils each removed O3 at a rate, first order in O3, corresponding to a rate constant of (2.5±0.6)×10-5s-1 in the present locality and to a deposition velocity of 0.45cms-1. The O3-removal caused by the occupants was approximately 2.6 times larger than that of the available surfaces belonging to the classroom and its furniture. Observation of 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one and 4-oxopentanal at maximum concentrations of 0.2ppb and 0.7ppb, respectively, suggested squalene from human skin oil as a reactive, ozone-consuming substance. There are indications of a source of 4-oxopentanal in the classroom, even some time after the pupils left for the day. The work presented is important for a proper description of indoor exposure, both to ozone itself and some of its reaction products when trying to quantify relations between exposure and health effects.
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- Janhäll, Sara, 1965-
(författare)
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Review on urban vegetation and particle air pollution - Deposition and dispersion
- 2015
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 105, s. 130-137
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Urban vegetation affects air quality through influencing pollutant deposition and dispersion. Both processes are described by many existing models and experiments, on-site and in wind tunnels, focussing e.g. on urban street canyons and crossings or vegetation barriers adjacent to traffic sources. There is an urgent need for well-structured experimental data, including detailed empirical descriptions of parameters that are not the explicit focus of the study.This review revealed that design and choice of urban vegetation is crucial when using vegetation as an ecosystem service for air quality improvements. The reduced mixing in trafficked street canyons on adding large trees increases local air pollution levels, while low vegetation close to sources can improve air quality by increasing deposition. Filtration vegetation barriers have to be dense enough to offer large deposition surface area and porous enough to allow penetration, instead of deflection of the air stream above the barrier. The choice between tall or short and dense or sparse vegetation determines the effect on air pollution from different sources and different particle sizes. © 2015 The Author.
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- Tidblad, Johan
(författare)
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Atmospheric corrosion of metals in 2010-2039 and 2070-2099
- 2012
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 55, s. 1-6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Climatic parameters and pollution data from the 6FP NOAHs ARK project 'Global Climate Change Impact on Built Heritage and Cultural Landscapes' together with chloride deposition data have been used to predict atmospheric corrosion of metals in 2010-2039 and 2070-2099. Maps of carbon steel and zinc show that future atmospheric corrosion of metals in Europe are dominated by the effects of chloride deposition in coastal and near-coastal areas. The change can in extreme cases be as high as one corrosivity category and in coastal areas of southern Europe corrosion can be higher than the highest values experienced today in Europe.
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