| 1. |
- Carlson, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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Enhancing time triggered scheduling with value based overload handling and task migration
- 2003
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Ingår i: Sixth IEEE International Symposium on Object-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing, 2003. - : IEEE Computer Society. - 0769519288 - 9780769519289 ; , s. 121-128
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Time triggered methods provide deterministic behaviour suitable for critical real-time systems. The), perform less favourably, however if the arrival times of some activities are not known in advance, in particular if overload situations have to be anticipated. In many systems, the criticality of only a subset of activities justify the cost associated with the time triggered methods.In this paper we consider distributed systems where a subset of critical activities are handled in a time triggered fashion, via an offline schedule. At runtime, the arrival of aperiodic tasks may cause overload that demands to be handled in such a way that i) time triggered activities still meet all their original constraints, ii) execution of high-valued tasks are prioritised over tasks with lower value, iii) tasks can be quickly migrated to balance the overall system load.We give a precise formulation of overload detection and value based task rejection in the presence of offline scheduled tasks, and present a heuristic algorithm to handle overload. To benefit from the distributed setting, the overload handling includes an algorithm that integrates migration of rejected tasks with resource reclaiming and an acceptance test of newly arrived tasks.Simulation results underline the effectiveness of the presented approach.
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| 2. |
- Dag, Munir, 1968-
(författare)
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Unga människor med rörelsehinder utanför arbetsmarknaden : om barriärer, sociala relationer och livsvillkor
- 2003
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet med studien har varit att beskriva de specifika barriärer som individer med rörel-sehinder i åldrarna 20-35 år upplever att de möter i sin strävan att komma in på arbets-marknaden. Syftet har också varit att beskriva individernas livssituation under arbets-löshet och jämföra detta med livssituationen i någon form av sysselsättning. Metoden som har använts är kvalitativ, intervjuer med 12 individer med rörelsehinder.Resultaten från intervjuerna visar att individer med rörelsehinder möter barriärer inom olika områden. Barriärerna uppkommer via ett komplext samspel mellan den so-ciala och fysiska miljön, regelsystemen och individen. Studien tyder på olika orsaker till att individer med rörelsehinder möter barriärer i sina försök att få arbete. Exempel på sådana hinder är själva funktionshindret, graden av anpassning i den fysiska miljön, samhällets fördomar och rådande lagar. Utifrån detta har studien kunnat särskilja tre huvudkategorier av barriärer - individrelaterade, miljörelaterade och regelrelaterade.Resultatet visar att barriärer på individnivå är låg utbildning, avsaknad av yrkeserfa-renhet, lång period av arbetslöshet och dåliga kunskaper i regelsystemet. Ytterligare barriärer på individnivå är låg motivation att söka arbete.De miljörelaterade barriärer som identifieras är främst dåligt anpassade arbetslokaler, avsaknad av tekniska hjälpmedel och dåligt fungerade färdtjänst, bristande information samt rådande attityder om funktionshindrade i samhället. Dessa aspekter innebär di-rekta hinder för anställning av rörelsehindrade.Studien tyder också på att regelsystemen kan fungera som barriärer. Dels uppger un-dersökningsgruppen att de har bristande kunskaper i gällande regler, dels uppges att det inte är lönsamt att arbeta, eftersom inkomsten inte förbättras med ett arbete.
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| 3. |
- Fohler, Gerhard, et al.
(författare)
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A component based real-time scheduling architecture
- 2003
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Ingår i: Architecting Dependable Systems. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer. - 9783540451778 - 9783540407270 - 3540407278 ; , s. 110-125
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Functionality for various services of scheduling algorithms is typically provided as extensions to a basic paradigm, intertwined in the kernel architecture. Thus, scheduling services come in packages around single paradigms, fixed to a certain methodology and kernel architecture. Temporal constraints of applications are addressed by a combination of scheduler and system architecture. Consequently, changing system architecture results in a complete rescheduling of all tasks, calling for a new cycle of analysis and testing from scratch, although a schedule meeting all temporal constraints already existed.We propose a component based architecture for schedule reuse. Instead of tying temporal constraints, scheduler, and system architecture together, we provide methods which allow for the reuse of existing schedules on various system architectures. In particular, we show how a schedule developed for table driven, dynamic or static priority paradigm can be reused in the other schemes.We address an architecture to disentangle actual scheduling from dispatching and other kernel routines with a small interface, suited for a variety of scheduling schemes as components.
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| 4. |
- Kihlgren, Annica Larsson, 1957-, et al.
(författare)
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Referrals from home care to emergency hospital care : basis for decisions.
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Nursing. - : Wiley. - 0962-1067 .- 1365-2702. ; 12:1, s. 28-36
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Swedish government implemented a reform, the Adel reform, in the care of older citizens in 1992, so that the communities where older people live became responsible for their care and housing. Nurses were appointed to make sure that older people were given accurate care and to act as supervisors for nurses' aides. In this study, 10 Registered Nurses from community home care services and four consultant head physicians in primary care were interviewed in order to illuminate what they thought influenced nurses' decisions to refer patients for emergency treatment and what support they requested to facilitate the decision. Content analysis showed the necessity of feeling secure in one's role as a community nurse. The categories that developed were: own competence, knowledge about the patient and a supportive working environment. The main theme was To feel safe in one's role - a basis for decision-making. High demands were put on the nurses' competence and their burden of responsibility became too great. This influenced decision-making negatively, if nurses felt that they were lacking in their own personal competence. Training in documentation for the nurses was required, as well as the need for organizations to provide staff with sufficient time for accurate documentation. A greater input of nursing and medical care was required to make it possible for patients to be cared for at home if they so wished. Respondents described considerable deficiencies in their working environment and in co-workers' competence, and nurses' professional roles within the community were not made clear. If these problems were remedied, this would improve working conditions, increase understanding, and reduce feelings of uncertainty among decision-makers.
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