| 117411. |
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| 117412. |
- Vinnersten, Annika, et al.
(författare)
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Colchicine is still a chemical marker for the expanded Colchicaceae
- 2010
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Ingår i: Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0305-1978 .- 1873-2925. ; 38:6, s. 1193-1198
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Samples from 25 genera of the lily family, in its widest circumscription, were subjected to nanospray mass spectrometry analysis to investigate the presence of colchicine. This alkaloid has been proposed to have a restricted distribution within the former lilioid subfamily Wurmbeoideae. After the disintegration of the broadly circumscribed lily family this subfamily has been known as Colchicaceae. Phylogenetic analysis of lilioid monocotyledons has shown that the family Colchicaceae includes a number of genera previously not placed in Wurmbeoideae, eg. Burchardia, Disporum, Schelhammera, Tripladenia and Uvularia. By using the sensitive technique of nanospray mass spectrometry we here show that these genera do contain colchicine. In the case of Burchardia and Uvularia this is contrary to published reports. To test the assumption that colchicine is restricted to Colchicaceae we analysed samples from all genera in the family lacking information, or having conflicting reports, for colchicine content. We also sampled the closest relatives of the family according to phylogenetic results, and a number of genera with historical reports of colchicine presence. All samples from Colchicaceae contained colchicine, while none of the samples from genera in other families did. This implies that the biosynthesis of colchicine evolved within the common ancestor to Colchicaceae, and that this alkaloid may be regarded as a synapomorphic character for the family.
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| 117413. |
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| 117414. |
- Vinnerås, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium in manure-amended soils studied in outdoor lysimeters
- 2010
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Ingår i: Applied Soil Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0929-1393 .- 1873-0272. ; 46, s. 398-404
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (CCUG 44857) and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium was investigated in two agricultural soils (sandy loam and silty clay) amended with poultry manure, cattle manure slurry or human urine. The study was performed in soil lysimeters placed outdoors, and was repeated over two consecutive years. The amendments, inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium, were mixed with soil on the top of the lysimeters. Samples were collected from the top 5-cm layer of each lysimeter at regular intervals, and the inactivation was monitored over 6 months, by the plate spread method and by enrichment. The inactivation was modelled by fitting a non-linear model to the data, and pathogen reduction times were calculated (90 and 99% reduction). The results showed that the inactivation of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium varied depending on the manure type used and its carbon content. The longest inactivation time occurred in samples amended with poultry manure, in which both E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium were detected up to day 90 with the spread plate method. The most rapid inactivation for both pathogens occurred in soil amended with urine. However, low amounts of culturable E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium were detected by enrichment throughout the study period (180 days), regardless of manure type
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| 117415. |
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| 117416. |
- Vinnerås, Björn
(författare)
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Pathogens in septage in Vietnam
- 2010
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 408, s. 2050-2053
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Septage is widely acknowledged as a major source of infectious pathogens while disposal of septage, and the operation and maintenance of septic tanks, is not regulated in many developing countries. Twenty untreated septage and septage sludge samples were taken from Can Tho City, Vietnam to examine their pathogen content, and indicator micro-organisms. Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. were detected in all samples, regardless of sludge storage time. Phages were detected in 80% of samples. Salmonella spp. were detected in 70% of the untreated septage and 60% of septage sludge samples. Concentrations of phages and bacteria tested in septage sludge after many years of tank storage were much higher than the expected levels. Helminth ova were present in 95% of untreated septage samples with an average of 450 ova l(-1) and were detected in all septage sludge samples with an average of 16,000 ova l(-1). Twelve varieties of helminth ova were identified. More helminth ova varieties in higher concentrations were found in septage than those reported from stool samples. The varieties' frequency ranged from 10% to 50% and Ascaris lumbricoides predominated. Results show that pathogens and indicator micro-organisms, especially helminth ova, accumulate in sludge. Thus helminth ova should be considered when septage sludge is treated and used for agriculture. Proper health protection measures must be applied for people handling septage. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 117417. |
- Vinnerås, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Sanitation by composting
- 2010
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Ingår i: Microbes at Work - From Wastes to Resourses. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 9783642040429 ; , s. 171-191
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 117418. |
- Vinnerås, Björn
(författare)
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Survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis in human urine
- 2011
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Ingår i: Water Science and Technology. - : IWA Publishing. - 0273-1223 .- 1996-9732. ; 63, s. 1075-1080
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tuberculosis is a zoonotic disease that mainly causes respiratory infection. However, it can also infect other organs such as the kidneys and bladder, which can lead to high counts of the organisms in the urine. Introducing urine diversion systems and reuse of the urine in agriculture may introduce new transmission routes for infection, increasing the risk of spread. This study evaluated the inactivation rate of mycobacteria in human urine for ensuring safe reuse in agriculture and examined whether current World Health Organization recommendations on storage time are sufficient for inactivating Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis. In this study, a decimal reduction in M. tuberculosis and M. bovis in human urine containing 7 and 3 g NH(3)-N L(-1), respectively, was obtained in just over 10 days at 4 degrees C and below three days at 22 degrees C. This is considerably faster than previously reported reduction rates of mycobacteria in animal slurry at similar temperatures. Based on the present results, a storage time of five weeks at temperatures below 20 degrees C or of two weeks at temperatures above 20 degrees C is sufficient to prevent transmission of mycobacteria when recycling human urine. These values lie within the WHO recommended storage period.
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| 117419. |
- Vinnerås, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Treatment with Ca(OH)2 for inactivation of Salmonella Typhimurium and Enterococcus faecalis in soil contaminated with infected horse manure
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Microbiology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1364-5072 .- 1365-2672. ; 110, s. 1515–1523-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim:To investigate the inactivation ofSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimuri-um and the faecal indicatorEnterococcus faecalisin horse manure:soil mixturesby application of hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2).Methods and Results:In laboratory incubations, the inhibitory effect of differ-ent concentrations of Ca(OH)2, as well as different application techniques, wastested. Other variables were horse manure:soil ratio, incubation temperature (6and 14 C) and soil type (sand⁄clay). Bacterial enumeration by the plate countmethod in samples taken at increasing intervals revealed that Ca(OH)2effectively reducedSalmonellaTyphimurium numbers. However, to achieve asufficient reduction, the Ca(OH)2had to be applied at a sufficient rate, and theamount required varied because of manure:soil ratio and incubation tempera-ture. The results showed that a pH above 11 was needed and that a high pHhad to be maintained for up to 7 days. An appropriate application techniquefor the Ca(OH)2was also important, so that a high pH was obtained through-out the whole material to be treated. In addition, a high manure:soil ratio incombination with a higher incubation temperature was found to rapidlyneutralize the pH and to increase the risk ofSalmonellare-growth.Conclusions:Application of Ca(OH)2can be an efficient method for treating aSalmonella-contaminated horse paddock. A high pH is a key factor inSalmo-nellainactivation, and thus, monitoring the pH during the treatment period isnecessary. To avoid re-growth excess manure should be removed for separatetreatment elsewhere.Significance and Impact of the Study:Persistence of Salmonellain horsepaddocks poses a risk of disease transmission to healthy animals and peoplewho come into contact with these animals. An efficient method to de-contami-nate aSalmonella-contaminated soil would be a valuable tool for animalwelfare and for public health.
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| 117420. |
- Vinogradov, Nikolay, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of Atomic Oxygen on the Structure of Graphene Formed on Ir(111) and Pt(111)
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Physical Chemistry C. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1932-7447 .- 1932-7455. ; 115:19, s. 9568-9577
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of atomic oxygen adsorption on the structure and electronic properties of monolayer graphite (MG or graphene) grown on Pt(111) and Ir(111) has been studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, and scanning tunneling microscopy. For comparison, the adsorption of atomic oxygen on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite has been studied under the same conditions. Graphene oxidation predominantly occurs through the formation of epoxy groups and causes atomic-scale buckling of the graphene lattice, as evidenced by an sp(2)-to-sp(3) bonding transformation. The different parts of the graphene/metal moire superstructure show different oxidation dynamics, with the initial formation of epoxy groups in the more bonding "pores". Upon 0 adsorption, the nearest C neighbors of epoxy groups get engaged in a stronger bonding with the substrate. As a result, the pores of the graphene mesh become attracted and effectively pinned to the substrate by the 0 atoms. A limited intercalation of oxygen under graphene is also probable. Annealing of the samples after oxygen exposure only partially recovers the original graphene structure and results in the formation of a dense pattern of quasi-periodic, nanometer-sized holes. Both the selective oxidization and the hole formation can be exploited for selective functionalization or tuning of the electronic properties.
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