| 1. |
- Zabel, Astrid, et al.
(författare)
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Outcomes and determinants of success of performance payment schemes for carnivore conservation
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper presents a first empirical assessment of the outcomes and determinants of carnivore conservation success in Sweden’s pioneer performance payment scheme. Carnivores in northern Sweden depend on reindeer as prey which causes conflicts with reindeer herders. As compensation and conservation incentive, the government issues performance payments to reindeer herder villages based on the number of carnivore offspring certified on their land. The villages decide on the internal use and distribution of the payments. In the literature, it is generally assumed that benefit distribution rules are exogenously given. We extend the literature by developing a model to investigate such rules as endogenous decision. We hypothesize that conservation success is determined by natural geographical factors and each village’s capability to engage in collective action to manage the internal payments so that conserving rather than hunting carnivores becomes villagers’ optimal strategy. The hypotheses developed are tested with empirical village and household-level data from Sweden. The paper concludes that if limited hunting is legal, conservation success strongly depends on villages’ potential for collective action and their payment distribution rule. In cases without legal hunting, performance payments together with penalties on poaching provide sufficient incentives for herders to refrain from illicit hunting. Furthermore, the data reveals that villages’ group size has a direct negative effect on conservation outcomes as predicted by collective action theory. However, there is also an indirect effect which positively impacts conservation outcomes through the payment distribution rule. This result, at least in part, revises the general collective action hypothesis on purely negative effects of group size and highlights the importance of investigating factors driving groups’ internal benefit distribution rules.
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| 2. |
- Henningsson, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Två sidor av samma mynt : Hur tänker finansmarknadens aktörer och varför är det så svårt att kommunicera om icke-materiella resurser?
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Det projekt som vi redogör för i den här rapporten är ett led i enspännande och samhällsrelevant internationell forskning, delvispådriven av olika regeringar och mellanstatliga organisationer avseenderedovisning, styrning och kommunikation av icke-materiellaresurser som t.ex. kompetens, kundrelationer och miljöfrågor. Forskningen inom området kan sägas ha startat under 1980-talet och tog ordentlig fart i mitten av 1990-talet. Det var dock först i början av 2000-talet som intresset för forskning kring kapitalmarknadskommunikation vaknade på riktigt allvar, troligen bl.a. som en följd avaktiemarknadens volatilitet. Vår tes i skriften är att sociala skillnader mellan olika aktörer måste beaktas vid kommunikationen mellan företag och finansmarknad. Informationen tolkas på olika sätt beroende på vilken social kulturman tillhör. Man kan säga att de olika tolkningarna speglar ”två sidorav samma mynt”.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Mellin, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Health effects of transport emissions : a review of the state of the art of methods and data used for external costs calculations
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose is to provide a background for a discussion concerning the methods and values used in cost-benefit analysis in Sweden for air pollutions', from traffic, impact on human health and the research needs in this area. We provide an overview of the current state of the art of models used for and input needed for external cost calculations of the health impacts. The calculations are not straightforward and depend on the collaboration between several research disciplines. In the ExternE projects, which have been used as a reference point in this study, there are still uncertainties concerning which pollutants to take into consideration. Regarding the health impacts, we have recapitulated some of the main conclusions in a review by the American Heart Association (2010). They state that e.g. the following issues need further research: the importance of ultrafine particles, what constituent parts make traffic related air pollution more harmful than PM2.5 in general and the importance of coarse particles.
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| 5. |
- Borglund, Tommy, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Increasing responsibility through transparency? : A study of the consequences of new guidelines for sustainability reporting by Swedish state-owned companies
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In 2007, the Swedish government introduced new guidelines requiring state-owned companies to provide sustainability reports in accordance with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). The reform was part of an active ownership policy of the Swedish government with an ambition to promote sustainability in state-owned companies. Given the lack of empirical studies on the effects of GRI reporting this explorative study examines the consequences of new requirements on GRI reporting on state-owned companies in Sweden. The purpose of the paper is to investigate if and to what extent the government’s augmented sustainability information requirements have had effects on the sustainability activities at state-owned companies. The study is based on questionnaires sent to CSR and sustainability managers at state-owned companies and to the chairmen of these companies. The questionnaires were complemented with interviews with the sustainability managers of a selection of these state-owned companies. The results show that the introduction of the new guidelines affected the companies to varying degrees. The companies that lacked previous experience of sustainability reporting have gone through a more extensive process of change than those that were already submitting sustainability reports. The results also show that the guidelines contributed mainly to improved procedures for reporting on sustainability issues rather than bringing about far-reaching changes in sustainability activities in practice. This leads us to the conclusion that the reporting of sustainability issues in the first instance strengthens and improves reporting procedures, whereas the next step – to changes in practice – is a greater one.
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| 6. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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The progress of GHG markets : opportunities and risks
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The climate negotiations at the COP15 in December 2009 did not produce a new international treaty with binding emissions commitments but the Copenhagen Accord for dealing with post-2012 climate change. Given the current climate negotiation process it is unlikely that we will see a global climate agreement soon on a global cap between all Convention members participating in a single carbon market. We may be more likely to see a stepwise process moving towards this scenario, most likely involving linkages between different national policy programs when it comes to mitigation as well as offsetting emissions. In such a process countries will offer commitments based on their domestic abilities, preferences and policies, norms and institutions. National and sub-national policies are thus likely to be the de-facto building blocks of nations' abilities to make and fulfill international commitments. However, also with multilateral mitigation programs without binding commitments, carbon markets will be needed as well as international authorities that support measurement, reporting and verification rules and the international registries. Such markets will necessarily be complicated and temporary in a world without an overarching binding agreement. There will be numerous tradeoffs between different kinds of second-best arrangements. The purpose of this report is to build knowledge about the effects of the development of regional and international carbon markets and the auxiliary technology agreements that might be needed. Among the topics we address are: the evolution and integration of carbon markets, the impacts of policy and technology cost uncertainty on the cost of meeting targets through a carbon market mechanism, the effect of banking, price floors and ceilings, institutional constraints and technological change in the further development of carbon markets and their links to other environmental policy instruments, and the potential of REDD-plus to encourage sustainable forest development and climate mitigation.
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| 7. |
- Edlund, Johanna, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Improvement Districts i Sverige? : internationella erfarenheter av ett verktyg för hållbar utveckling
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Business Improvement Districts (BID) finns idag i olika former på flera internationella fastighetsmarknader. Ett BID omfattar ett väl avgränsat område i en stad inom vilket en hållbar samverkan mellan fastigheter, handel, boende och en kommun är formaliserad. Syftet är att utveckla områdets affärsmöjligheter eller områdets attraktivitet i en vidare bemärkelse. Med ett BID kan en kommun stärka marknadens effektivitet genom att begränsa incitamenten till ”snålskjutsbeteende” bland fastighetsägare, handlare eller andra aktörer. Ett BID reducerar därmed t.ex. behovet för fastighetsägare att ta över närliggande fastigheter i området för att möjliggöra förnyelse. Mångfalden på stadens fastighetsmarknad kan således bevaras. Denna rapport är en utvidgad version av projektets första rapport ” BIDs i Sverige Internationella erfarenheter av ´Business Improvement Districts´” (Edlund & Westin, 2009). Här utvecklas främst de delar som handlar om internationella erfarenheter samt i viss mån även slutsatser och sammanfattande diskussioner. Detta har varit möjligt eftersom projektet genomförde en konferens med internationella forskare och praktiker hösten 2009. Rapporten kan därmed presentera fler analyser och diskussioner om BID. Bland annat diskuteras internationella motiv, lagstiftning, positiva och negativa erfarenheter av BID. Här diskuteras även något hur BID skulle kunna utformas i Sverige. Inom nuvarande lagstiftning, PBL och Anläggningslagen, är det inte uppenbart möjligt att införa en sådan tidsbegränsad samverkan mellan flera fastigheter (varav några kan ha motsatt sig samverkan). Rapporten indikerar även vilka förändringar som kan krävas i svensk lagstiftning för att BID ska bli en möjlig policyåtgärd för kommuner i Sverige.
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| 8. |
- Holmqvist, Göran, 1959-
(författare)
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Fertility impact of social transfers in Sub-Saharan Africa - What about pensions
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The potential link between child-related cash transfers and increased fertility is often raised asan issue of concern when debating their use. Old-age pension is a form of cash transfer wheretheory would suggest the opposite impact, i.e. pensions equal decreasing fertility. A handful ofSub-Saharan African countries have introduced non-contributory social pensions that cover thegreat majority of the older population. It makes them into a distinct group in relation to the rest ofthe region where public old-age security arrangements, if existing at all, are largely reserved forthe formal sector. This paper attempts to trace any impact these high-coverage pensionschemes may have had on fertility. Findings suggest that there has been such an impact, in therange of 0,5 to 1,5 children less per woman depending on model specification.
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| 9. |
- Karlsson, Charlie, 1945-, et al.
(författare)
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ICT and Regional Economic Dynamics : A Literature Review
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The objective of this report is to review the relevant theoretical and empirical literature to provide a conceptual and methodological background for the analysis of the consequences of ICT use and globalisation on the regional economies in the European Union. We highlight the key aspects of ICT as a general purpose technology, discuss the economic impacts of ICT diffusion from macro and micro perspectives, and examine the spatial consequences of ICT diffusion. We focus on regional innovation systems and globalisation in order to propose an organizing framework for the analysis of the impact of ICT diffusion on regional development.
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| 10. |
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