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Sökning: LAR1:umu > Umeå universitet

  • Resultat 42301-42310 av 88501
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42301.
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42302.
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42303.
  • Krantz, Olle, 1939- (författare)
  • Small European Countries in Economic Internationalisation: An Economic Historical Perspective
  • 2006
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • This paper addresses small state theories and characteristics. In economic theories foreign trade is of great interest since small states are more dependent than large ones on this trade. A special approach, formulated by Katzenstein, is shown to be time-bound. In the period from the 1930s to the 1980s small states’ adaptation to the outside world to a great extent took the shape that Katzenstein discussed which among other things meant democratic corporatism. This conclusion is arrived at when a long-time perspective is applied. Small state characteristics are mostly of interest from the 19th century. Up to World War I inter-nationalisation was growing but after that it did not increase until the 1970s when a new internationalisation wave came. Especially in the second wave, which could also be called the globalisation wave, thoroughgoing adaptations of the small states were conspicuous and international organisations became essential.
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42304.
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42305.
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42306.
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42307.
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42308.
  • Krasheninnikov, SI, et al. (författare)
  • Spinning of a charged dust particle in a magnetized plasma
  • 2007
  • Ingår i: Physics Letters A. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0375-9601 .- 1873-2429. ; 361:1-2, s. 133-135
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We present a novel mechanism for spinning of a charged dust particle in a magnetized plasma. Specifically, we show that the dust particle spinning is caused by a torque that is produced due to interactions between the electric field E and an asymmetric dust particle electric dipole that is induced by the cross-field (viz. the E x B, where B is the external magnetic field) plasma flow. The torque acting on the dust particle is proportional to vertical bar E vertical bar(2), so that both laminar and turbulent electric fields can cause dust particle spinning. For plasma parameters typical of tokamak edges. the characteristic dust spinning frequency is of the order of several hundred kHz.
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42309.
  • Kraupner, Nadine, et al. (författare)
  • Evidence for selection of multi-resistant E. coli by hospital effluent.
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Environment International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 150, s. 106436-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • There is a risk that residues of antibiotics and other antimicrobials in hospital and municipal wastewaters could select for resistant bacteria. Still, direct experimental evidence for selection is lacking. Here, we investigated if effluent from a large Swedish hospital, as well as influent and effluent from the connected municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) select for antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli in three controlled experimental setups. Exposure of sterile-filtered hospital effluent to a planktonic mix of 149 different E. coli wastewater isolates showed a strong selection of multi-resistant strains. Accordingly, exposure to a complex wastewater community selected for strains resistant to several antibiotic classes. Exposing individual strains with variable resistance patterns revealed a rapid bactericidal effect of hospital effluent on susceptible, but not multi-resistant E. coli. No selection was observed after exposure to WWTP effluent, while exposure to WWTP influent indicated a small selective effect for ceftazidime and cefadroxil resistant strains, and only in the E. coli mix assay. An analysis of commonly used antibiotics and non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals in combination with growth and resistance pattern of individual E. coli isolates suggested a possible contribution of ciprofloxacin and β-lactams to the selection by hospital effluent. However, more research is needed to clarify the contribution from different selective agents. While this study does not indicate selection by the studied WWTP effluent, there is some indications of selective effects by municipal influent on β-lactam-resistant strains. Such effects may be more pronounced in countries with higher antibiotic use than Sweden. Despite the limited antibiotic use in Sweden, the hospital effluent strongly and consistently selected for multi-resistance, indicating widespread risks. Hence, there is an urgent need for further evaluation of risks for resistance selection in hospital sewers, as well as for strategies to remove selective agents and resistant bacteria.
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42310.
  • Kraupner, Nadine, et al. (författare)
  • Selective concentration for ciprofloxacin resistance in Escherichia coli grown in complex aquatic bacterial biofilms
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Environment International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 116, s. 255-268
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • There is concern that antibiotics in the environment can select for and enrich bacteria carrying acquired antibiotic resistance genes, thus increasing the potential of those genes to emerge in a clinical context. A critical question for understanding and managing such risks is what levels of antibiotics are needed to select for resistance in complex bacterial communities. Here, we address this question by examining the phenotypic and genotypic profiles of aquatic communities exposed to ciprofloxacin, also evaluating the within-species selection of resistant E. coli in complex communities. The taxonomic composition was significantly altered at ciprofloxacin exposure concentrations down to 1 μg/L. Shotgun metagenomic analysis indicated that mobile quinolone resistance determinants (qnrD, qnrS and qnrB) were enriched as a direct consequence of ciprofloxacin exposure from 1 μg/L or higher. Only at 5–10 μg/L resistant E.coli increased relative to their sensitive counterparts. These resistant E. coli predominantly harbored non-transferrable, chromosomal triple mutations (gyrA S83 L, D87N and parC S80I), which confer high-level resistance. In a controlled experimental setup such as this, we interpret effects on taxonomic composition and enrichment of mobile quinolone resistance genes as relevant indicators of risk. Hence, the lowest observed effect concentration for resistance selection in complex communities by ciprofloxacin was 1 μg/L and the corresponding no observed effect concentration 0.1 μg/L. These findings can be used to define and implement discharge or surface water limits to reduce risks for selection of antibiotic resistance in the environment. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
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