| 31. |
- Enflo, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
-
Electrification and Energy Productivity
- 2009
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Ingår i: Ecological Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-8009. ; 68:11, s. 2808-2817
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Energy productivity is crucial for sustainable development.We use cointegration analyses to investigate the effect of electricity on energy productivity in Swedish industry from 1930 to 1990. Electricity augmented energy productivity in those industrial branches that used electricity formultiple purposes. This productivity effect goes beyond “book-keeping effects,” i. e. it is not only the result of electricity being produced in one sector (taking the energy transformation losses) and consumed in another (receiving the benefits).
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| 32. |
- Enflo, Kerstin
(författare)
-
Finland’s regional GDPs 1880-2010: estimates, sources and interpretations
- 2014
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper provides the first consistent long-run estimates of Finnish regional GDPs, from 1880 to 2010. Estimates are provided for 12 historical counties as well as for the 5 current-border NUTS 2-regions. The main results from the analyses of the long-run evolution of regional GDPs are the following. Firstly, it is clear that Finland’s geographical position, in the intersection between Eastern and Western Europe, has led to a history of balancing between the two powers. A long-run economic decline of the historically important regions of the west is documented. Simultaneously access to Russian markets advanced the East, but trade was subject to several large shocks, notably with the Finnish independence of 1917 and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Over the long run, the paper finds that the southern part of the country has been the winner in the Finnish regional growth league. Secondly, the paper analyses regional inequality and finds that Finland’s counties and regions were relatively unequal in European comparison during early industrialization. Rapid convergence in GDP per capita only took place after the Second World War, but was interrupted by the 1980s and replaced by a new tendency for divergence.
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| 33. |
- Enflo, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
-
From Conflict to Compromise : The importance of mediation in Swedish work stoppages 1907-1927
- 2018
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Institutions for prevention and resolution of labor market conflicts were introduced all over the world in the early twentieth century. In this paper we analyze the impact of mediation on compromise outcomes in Swedish labor market conflicts, using a dataset of geo-coded strikes and lockouts from 1907 to 1927. Causality is identified by using the distance from the mediator's residence to the conflict as an instrument. Despite their limited authority and access to economic resources, the presence of mediators in a conflict resulted in about 30 per cent higher probability of a compromise outcome. Mediation was more likely to work as intended in settings where conflicting parties recognized each other and struggled over a prize that could be divided. The results suggest that mediation could have paved the way for a cooperative atmosphere in local labor markets. At the national level such an atmosphere was clearly manifested in the General Agreement in 1938 and with the rise of the Swedish Model.
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| 34. |
- Enflo, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
-
From conflict to compromise: The importance of mediation in Swedish work stoppages 1907-1927
- 2019
-
Ingår i: European Review of Economic History. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1474-0044 .- 1361-4916. ; 23:3, s. 268-298
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Institutions for prevention and resolution of industrial conflicts were introduced all over the world in the early twentieth century. We use a new dataset of geocoded strikes and lockouts to analyze the impact of mediation on conflict outcomes in Sweden for the period 1907–1927. Causality is identified by using the distance from the mediator’s place of residence to the conflict as an instrument. Despite the mediators’ limited authority we find that their involvement in a conflict resulted in about 30 percent higher probability of a compromise. The results add support to institutionalist accounts of the origins of the Swedish Model.
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
- Enflo, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
-
Growth accounting in times of turbulence and death: efficiency, technology, capital accumulation and human capital 1929-1950
- 2007
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We employ a non-parametrical approach to growth accounting (Data Envelopment Analysis, DEA) to disentangle the proximate sources of labour productivity growth in 41 nations between 1929 and 1950 by decomposing productivity growth into four components: technological change; efficiency catch-up (movements towards the production frontier), capital accumulation and human capital accumulation. We show that efficiency catch-up generally explains productivity growth, whereas technological change and factor accumulation were limited and distorted by the effects of war. War clearly hampered efficiency. Moreover, an unbalanced ratio of human capital to physical capital (a gap to the technological leader) was crucial for efficiency catching-up.
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| 37. |
- Enflo, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
-
Identifying development blocks - A new methodology Implemented on Swedish industry 1900–1974
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Evolutionary Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0936-9937 .- 1432-1386. ; 18:1, s. 57-76
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper specifies a quantitative methodology for exploring development blocks. The concept of 'development block' was a major contribution to the historical analysis of industrial transformation by the late Erik Dahmen, but development blocks have mainly been analyzed by qualitative methods and indirect indicators and not statistically identified. In this paper, development blocks are identified by means of a combination of co-integration analysis and Granger causality. Using these techniques, we are able to identify two partially overlapping development blocks in the Swedish economy, formed around the electricity generating sector: one with metal, metal goods, machinery and railways; and another with pulp and paper, chemicals, and machinery.
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| 38. |
- Enflo, Kerstin
(författare)
-
Investeringar, FoU och tillväxt
- 2006
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sweden’s investment level has recently been the subject of keen debate. One fact that is often brought up is the fall in Swedish investment as a proportion of GDP (investment ratio) and that the current level of Swedish investment is below that of other countries. In the long run, low investment can weaken a country’s potential for growth. Although Swedish investment is comparatively low, Sweden invests more in research and development (R&D) in relation to GDP than any other country in the OECD, a top position it has held for 10 years. Consequently, there appears to be a paradox in Swedish development with high R&D investment and modest investment in the expansion of the productive apparatus in the form of fixed capital investment. All in all, the empirical review provides a somewhat more balanced picture of the Swedish investment climate than has emerged from the recent debate. Even though the Swedish investment ratio has fallen to a historically low level for the post-war period, a similar reduction has also taken place throughout the Western world. It also appears that the downward trend may be about to break, as Statistics Sweden (SCB) predicts a massive increase in private investment in 2005. Sweden’s position at the bottom of the European investment league can also be explained by record-low investment in Swedish housing since the start of the 1990s. Despite these extenuating circumstances, however, the empirical review points out a number of ill-boding circumstances for Sweden’s future as a growth nation. Above all, it is hard to find evidence for the hypothesis that Swedish industry as a whole has undergone a structural transformation towards more knowledge-intensive production and that this could explain the low level of investment in fixed capital. Instead, it appears that Swedish investment is low for all trades. Furthermore, Swedish development does not show any signs of a strong existence of complementarity at trade level between investing in R&D and in fixed capital over time. The lack of complementarity between investment in R&D and fixed capital is evidence of the thesis that Swedish R&D is not commercialised in R&D-intensive production and exports. Moreover, only a very small proportion of all companies within industry invested in R&D at all in 2002. The fact that there is such a split in the Swedish company structure between those that invest in R&D and those that invest in fixed capital could be an indication that companies that have specialised in manufacturing find it difficult to utilise positive spillover effects of R&D from big companies. From a policy perspective, past development therefore points to the importance of encouraging Swedish and foreign investment by creating a good business climate in Sweden. Special emphasis should be placed on supporting knowledge-intensive companies as Sweden has previously shown comparative advantages of such production through strong growth in productivity and exports, while knowledge-intensive activity has the potential of great spillover effects in society.
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| 39. |
- Enflo, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
-
Obituary: Lennart Schön
- 2016
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Ingår i: European Review of Economic History. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1474-0044 .- 1361-4916. ; 20:4, s. 526-527
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 40. |
- Enflo, Kerstin
(författare)
-
Productivity and employment-Is there a trade-off? Comparing Western European regions and American states 1950-2000
- 2010
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Ingår i: Annals of Regional Science. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-0592 .- 0570-1864. ; 45:2, s. 401-421
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article report findings from a new dataset that consists of productivity and employment variables from 89 Western European regions and 51 American states and districts from 1950 to 2000. Distribution dynamics is used to investigate convergence in labor productivity, Gross Value Added (GVA) per capita, and employment ratios. Main findings are that European labor productivity and GVA per capita have converged more or less continuously since 1950, but that the European employment ratios show divergence after 1970. Compared to US, the European regions have faced an employment-productivity trade-off since the 1970s. This trade-off appears to be related to country-specific factors.
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