| 37601. |
- Johansson, Ingvar
(författare)
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Shape is a non-quantifiable physical dimension
- 2011
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Ingår i: SHAPES 1.0.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the natural-scientific community it is often taken for granted that, sooner or later, all basic physical property dimensions can be quantified and turned into a kind-of-quantity; meaning that all their possible determinate properties can be put in a one-to-one correspondence with the real numbers. By using some transfinite mathematics, the paper shows this tacit assumption to be wrong. Shape is a very basic property dimension; but, since it can be proved that there are more possible kinds of determinate shapes than real numbers, shape cannot be quantified. There will never be a shape scale the way we have length and temperature scales. This is the most important conclusion, but more is implied by the proof. Since every n-dimensional manifold has the same cardinality as the real number line, all shapes cannot even be represented in a three-dimensional manifold the way perceivable colors are represented in socalled color solids.
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| 37602. |
- Johansson, Ingegerd, et al.
(författare)
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Snacking habits and caries in young children
- 2010
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Ingår i: Caries Research. - : S. Karger AG. - 0008-6568 .- 1421-976X. ; 44:5, s. 421-430
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dental caries is caused by a combination of infection and diet. This disease, if left untreated, may lead to pain, and impair the quality of life, nutritional status and development of young children. The objective was to investigate the association between snacking and caries in a population at high risk of dental caries. American preschool children (n = 1,206) were recruited in the offices of paediatricians. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, oral hygiene, breast-feeding, use of bottle and snacking were collected by questionnaire. Plaque presence, the number of teeth and their caries status (deft) were scored. The children sampled were 61% Black, 27% White and 10% Asian. Of the 1- to 2-, 2- to 3- and 3- to 4-year-old children, 93.8, 82.4 and 77.3% were caries free, and their mean caries scores were 0.16, 0.58 and 0.93, respectively. Multivariate partial least squares (PLS) modelling revealed plaque presence, lowest income, descriptors for tooth exposure time (number of teeth and age) and cariogenic challenge (total intake of sugar-containing snacks and chips/crisps, and chips intake with a sugar-containing drink) to be associated with more caries. These differences were also found in univariate analyses; in addition, children who continued breast-feeding after falling asleep had significantly higher deft values than those who did not. PLS modelling revealed that eating chips clustered with eating many sweet snacks, candies, popcorn and ice cream. We conclude that, in addition to the traditional risk indicators for caries - presence of plaque, sugar intake and socioeconomic status -, consumption of chips was associated with caries in young children.
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| 37603. |
- Johansson, Ingvar, 1943-
(författare)
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The basic distinctions in Der Streit
- 2013
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Ingår i: Semiotica. - Berlin, Germany : WALTER DE GRUYTER & CO. - 0037-1998 .- 1613-3692. ; 194, s. 137-157
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper presents Ingarden's views on what he calls "modes of being" ("ways of existence") and "existential moments"; the latter being constitutive parts of the former. Mainstream analytic philosophy has been dominated by the view that "existence" can mean only existence simpliciter. Ingarden, on the other hand, discerns four possible modes of being, one of which is of special interest to semiotics: purely intentional being. It is of relevance for the ontological understanding not only of texts, but also of pictures and other sign-related entities. At the end, an extrapolated Ingardenian semiotic triangle is presented.
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| 37604. |
- Johansson, Ingegerd
(författare)
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The effect of malnutrition on saliva composition and caries development
- 1986
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Starvation and protein deficiency increase susceptibility to infections in general and affect the function of various types of cells individually. Saliva contains substances which offer protection to the oral tissues. Its composition and secretion rate may be important in preventing the development of disease, e.g. dental caries. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of starvation and protein deficiency on the secretion and composition of saliva and the effects possibly induced on dental caries.The following results were found.Short-term starvation on a liquid diet reduced the secretion rate and changed the composition of saliva in healthy humans. Chewing during starvation while it did not restore secretion rate, did partially restore the composition.Total protein concentration was not greatly affected by gross malnutrition or protein deficiency. A more pronounced effect was observed on individual biologically active proteins. The salivary glands seem not to be prime targets for malnutrition but the rate of biosynthesis of a bacteria aggregating glycoprotein and the activity of salivary peroxidase were significantly reduced by a long-term protein deficiency and gross malnutrition respectively in the rat. In humans, shortterm starvation on a liquid diet caused an impaired glycosylation of sialic acid to the protein and decreased lysozyme activity. Sialylation was partially restored by chewing.In the rat the establishment of a cariogenic microorganism, S. cricetus (S. mutans) strain E 49 serotype a, was facilitated by protein deficiency.Starvation in both man and the rat produced evident clinical effects. The rate of plaque formation was increased in man and in the rat there was significant increase in caries development induced by a standardized cariogenic challenge.This study shows that nutrition is important for the secretion of saliva and that starvation and protein deficiency increase the cario- genicity of sucrose.
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| 37605. |
- Johansson, Ingvar, 1943-
(författare)
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The ideal as real and as purely intentional : Ingarden-based reflections
- 2013
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Ingår i: Semiotica. - Berlin, Germany : WALTER DE GRUYTER & CO. - 0037-1998 .- 1613-3692. ; 194, s. 21-37
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper takes its departure from Ingarden's distinctions between four different main modes of being: absolute, extratemporal, real, and purely intentional. It introduces a distinction between two kinds of ideal entities: impurely ideal and purely ideal. Of the former kind are universals, and of the latter numbers; Ingarden regards both as existing in the extratemporal mode. It is then discussed whether Ingarden, and many others, has fallen prey to a mode illusion; and that, in fact, the impurely ideal entities exist in the real mode and the purely ideal in the purely intentional mode of being. The answers are weakly affirmative. On these presuppositions a concept of "mixed intentional object" is introduced. It seems to be of importance for how to understand numerical scales and the development of science.
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| 37606. |
- Johansson, Ingegerd, et al.
(författare)
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The Microbiome in Populations with a Low and High Prevalence of Caries
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Dental Research. - : Sage Publications. - 0022-0345 .- 1544-0591. ; 95:1, s. 80-86
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The oral microbiota was compared between Romanian adolescents with a high prevalence of caries and no dental care and Swedish caries-active and caries-free adolescents in caries prevention programs and with a low prevalence of caries. Biofilm samples were analyzed by FLX+ pyrosequencing of the V1 to V4 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/quantitative PCR (qPCR) for Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus. Sequences obtained blasted to 9 phyla, 66 genera, and 401 human oral taxa (HOT) in the 16S rRNA Human Oral Microbiome Database, of which 295 were represented by >= 20 sequences. The Romanian adolescents had more sequences in Firmicutes and fewer in Actinobacteria phyla and more sequences in the genera Bacteroidetes [G-3], Porphyromonas, Abiotrophia, Filifactor, Peptostreptococcaceae [11][G-4], Pseudoramibacter, Streptococcus, and Neisseria and fewer in Actinomyces, Selenomonas, Veillonella, Campylobacter, and TM7 [G-1] than the Swedish groups. Multivariate modeling employing HOT, S. sobrinus and S. mutans (PCR/qPCR), and sugar snacks separated Romanian from Swedish adolescents. The Romanian adolescents' microbiota was characterized by a panel of streptococci, including S. mutans, S. sobrinus, and Streptococcus australis, and Alloprevotella, Leptotrichia, Neisseria, Porphyromonas, and Prevotella. The Swedish adolescents were characterized by sweet snacks, and those with caries activity were also characterized by Prevotella, Actinomyces, and Capnocytophaga species and those free of caries by Actinomyces, Prevotella, Selenomonas, Streptococcus, and Mycoplasma. Eight species including Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus species HOT070 were prevalent in Romanian and Swedish caries-active subjects but not caries-free subjects. In conclusion, S. mutans and S. sobrinus correlated with Romanian adolescents with caries and with limited access to dental care, whereas S. mutans and S. sobrinus were detected infrequently in Swedish adolescents in dental care programs. Swedish caries-active adolescents were typically colonized by Actinomyces, Selenomonas, Prevotella, and Capnocytophaga. Hence, the role of mutans streptococci as a primary caries pathogen appears less pronounced in populations with prevention programs compared to populations lacking caries treatment and prevention strategies.
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| 37607. |
- Johansson, Ingvar
(författare)
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The mole is not an ordinary measurement unit
- 2011
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Ingår i: Accreditation and Quality Assurance. - : Springer. - 0949-1775 .- 1432-0517. ; 16:8, s. 467-470
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, it is argued that the SI system has not carefully enough taken into account the differences that exist between stoichiometry and physics, and because of this neglect forced the kind-of-quantity amount of substance into a false form. The mole is not a unit such as the metre, the kilogram, and the second. It is a "unit" only in the sense in which purely mathematical scaling factors can be called units.
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| 37608. |
- Johansson, Ingvar
(författare)
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The ontology of temperature
- 2004
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Ingår i: Ursus Philosophicus.
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- It is argued that temperature is a mind-independent emergent quality that supervenes on the kinetic energy of molecules and vibrating atoms. That is, temperature cannot be reduced to sensations of temperature, to a social-conceptual construction, or to kinetic energy.
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| 37609. |
- Johansson, Ingvar
(författare)
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The SI and the problem of spatiotemporal constancy
- 2019
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Ingår i: The reform of the international system of units (SI). - Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: History and philosophy of technoscience ; 15 : Routledge. - 9781138483859 - 9781351048989 ; , s. 180-206
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The International System of Units (the SI) tries to find or construct something that does not change with time and place, since such constancy is the best possible ground for definitions of fundamental measurement units. This problem of constancy has received scant attention within the philosophy of science, but is the topic of this chapter. It starts by highlighting two inevitable kinds of circularities, one semantic the other epistemic. Then it briefly mentions dependencies between base unit definitions, and at length discusses when a base unit is partly defined by a so-called derived unit. If the logical structure of the unit definitions in the New SI should be made transparent, then the distinction between base and derived units has to be completely deleted and replaced by statements about dependence relations. When the logical structure of the New SI’s kilogram definition is clearly seen, serious doubts are cast upon the metrological adequacy of that definition.
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| 37610. |
- Johansson, Ingvar
(författare)
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Triple disjunctivism, naive realism, and anti-representationalism
- 2014
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Ingår i: Metaphysica. - : Walter de Gruyter. - 1437-2053 .- 1874-6373. ; 15:2, s. 239-265
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Contemporary defenders of non-disjunctivism take a representationalist philosophy of mind for granted; all kinds of conscious intentional states/acts/events are automatically regarded as being representations. The paper presents an alternative anti-representationalist view of the mind. It differs from other present-day anti-representationalisms in arguing that all conscious phenomena contains a this-worldly something called "from-pole", and it denies that an intentional content and the corresponding intentional object always are distinct entities. The view is set in contrast to both a transcendental ego tradition and a no from-pole tradition. Hereby, the paper defends the common sense-like view that we are persons who directly perceive, act in, and talk about things in a common world.
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