| 791. |
- Acerbi, Alberto, et al.
(författare)
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Behavioral constraints and the evolution of faithful social learning
- 2012
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Ingår i: Current Zoology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1674-5507 .- 2396-9814. ; 58:2, s. 307-318
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Behavioral “traditions”, i.e. behavioral patterns that are acquired with the aid of social learning and that are relativelystable in a group, have been observed in several species. Recently, however, it has been questioned whether non-human sociallearning is faithful enough to stabilize those patterns. The observed stability could be interpreted as a result of various constraintsthat limit the number of possible alternative behaviors, rather than of the fidelity of transmission mechanisms. Those constraints canbe roughly described as “internal”, such as mechanical (bodily) properties or cognitive limitations and predispositions, and “external”, such as ecological availability or pressures. Here we present an evolutionary individual-based model that explores the relationships between the evolution of faithful social learning and behavioral constraints, represented both by the size of the behavioral repertoire and by the “shape” of the search space of a given task. We show that the evolution of high-fidelity transmission mechanisms, when associated with costs (e.g. cognitive, biomechanical, energetic, etc.), is only likely if the potential behavioral repertoire of a species is large and if the search space does not provide information that can be exploited by individual learning. Moreover we show how stable behavioral patterns (“traditions”) can be achieved at the population level as an outcome of both high-fidelity and low-fidelity transmission mechanisms, given that the latter are coupled with a small behavioral repertoire or with a search space that provide substantial feedback. Finally, by introducing the possibility of environmental change, we show that intermediaterates of change favor the evolution of faithful social learning.
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| 792. |
- Acerbi, Alberto, et al.
(författare)
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Old and Young Individuals' Role in Cultural Change
- 2012
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Ingår i: JASSS. - : Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation. - 1460-7425. ; 15:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We explore the impact of age on cultural change through simulations of cultural evolution. Our simulations show that common observations about the relationship between old and young naturally emerge from repeated cultural learning. In particular, young individuals are more open to learn than older individuals, they are less effective as cultural models, and they possess less cultural traits. We also show that, being more open to learning, young individuals are an important source of cultural change. Cultural change, however, is faster in populations with both young and old. A relatively large share of older individuals, in fact, allows a population to retain more culture, and a large culture can change in more directions than a small culture. For the same reason, considering age-biased cultural transmission in an overlapping generations model, cultural evolution is slower when individuals interact preferentially with models of similar age than when they mainly interact with older models.
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| 793. |
- Acerbi, Alberto, et al.
(författare)
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Regulatory traits : Cultural influences on cultural evolution
- 2014
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Ingår i: Evolution, Complexity and Artificial Life. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 9783642375767 - 9783642375774 ; , s. 135-147
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We use the term regulatory traits to indicate traits that both regulate cultural transmission (e.g., from whom to learn) and are themselves culturally transmitted. In the first part of this contribution we study the dynamics of some of these traits through simple mathematical models. In particular, we consider the cultural evolution of traits that determine the propensity to copy others, the ability to influence others, the number of individuals from whom one may copy, and the number of individuals one tries to influence. We then show how to extend these simple models to address more complex human cultural phenomena, such as ingroup biases, the emergence of open or conservative societies, and of cyclical, fashion-like, increases and decreases of popularity of cultural traits. We finally discuss how the ubiquity of regulatory traits in cultural evolution impacts on the analogy between genetic and cultural evolution and therefore on the possibility of using models inspired by evolutionary biology to study human cultural dynamics.
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| 794. |
- Acerbi, Alberto, et al.
(författare)
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Regulatory Traits in Cultural Evolution
- 2012
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Ingår i: Proceedings of WiVACE 2012. ; , s. 1-9
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We call "regulatory traits" those cultural traits that are transmitted through cultural interactions and, at the same time, change individual behaviors directly influencing the outcome of future cultural interactions. The cultural dynamics of some of those traits are studied through simple simulations. In particular, we consider the cultural evolution of traits determining the propensity to copy, the number of potential demonstrators from whom one individual may copy, and conformist versus anti conformist attitudes. Our results show that regulatory traits generate peculiar dynamics that may explain complex human cultural phenomena. We discuss how the existence and importance of regulatory traits in cultural evolution impact on the analogy between genetic and cultural evolution and therefore on the possibility of using evolutionary biology inspired models to study human cultural dynamics.
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| 795. |
- Ackermann-Boström, Constanze, et al.
(författare)
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“For explorers by explorers” : A discursive analysis of cruise tourism in Norway
- 2023
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Ingår i: Skandinaviske Sprogstudier. - : Skandinaviske Sprogstudier. - 1904-7843. ; 14:1, s. 1-29
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Norwegian company Hurtigruten operates ships cruising along the Norwegian coast and has played an important role in tourism for over a century. This article provides a multimodal discourse analysis of the website advertising Hurtigruten’s most popular journey, drawing on a critical tourism studies approach. It aims to answer the question as to what central themes emerge in tourism discourse on Norway, targeted at an international audience. Central characteristics of tourism discourse (Dann 1996), i.e., strangerhood, conflict, authenticity, and playfulness, are shown to be crucial in the analysed material. The paper discusses the notion of authenticity as a performative strategy in the promotion of Norwegian cruise tourism. One central aim of this paper is finding out what and how the notion of “authentically Norwegian” is advertised. The results imply that these topics, and especially the notion of authenticity, are aligned with general tourism imaginaries, which are similar globally.
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| 796. |
- Acs, Zoltán J., et al.
(författare)
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Entrepreneurship, culture, and the epigenetic revolution : a research note
- 2021
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Ingår i: Small Business Economics. - : Springer. - 0921-898X .- 1573-0913. ; 56:4, s. 1287-1307
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We show how the type of alcohol consumed is related to the type of entrepreneurship present for economies in Europe. We differentiate between beer-, wine-, and spirit-drinking countries and distinguish between productive, unproductive, and destructive entrepreneurship. The underlying links do not emerge from drinking per se but rather the drinking habits and taste for beverage types capture deep cultural features and cultural similarities amongst the countries. Societies that prefer to drink beer are closer to each other culturally than those which prefer drinking wine or spirits. Therefore, the taste for alcohol type is merely an instrument in explaining cultural and institutional differences across entrepreneurship. Broadly speaking, beer-drinking countries are characterized by higher shares of productive entrepreneurship, wine-drinking countries with unproductive entrepreneurship, and spirit-drinking countries with destructive entrepreneurship. We discuss mechanisms in which the results are found and highlight a new research agenda, emphasizing the potential role of epigenetics.
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| 797. |
-
Activism at Home. Architects Dwelling between Politics, Aesthetics, and Resistance
- 2021
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- Activism at Home offers a unique study of architects’ own dwellings; homes purposely designed to express social, political, economic, and cultural critiques. Through thirty case studies by architectural scholars, this book highlights different forms of activism at home from the early twentieth century to today. The architect-led experiments in activist living discussed in this book include the dwellings of Ralph Erskine, Paulo Mendes Da Rocha, Charles Moore, Flora Ruchat-Roncati, Kiyoshi Seike, and many others. Offering candid appraisals of alternative living solutions that formulate a response to rising real estate prices, economic inequality, social alienation, and mounting environmental and cultural challenges, Activism at Home is more than a historical study; it is an appeal to architects to use the discipline’s tools to their full potential, and a plea to scholars to continue bringing architecture's activist practices into focus—whether at home or elsewhere.
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| 798. |
- Addo, Giuseppina, et al.
(författare)
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Encoding object-oriented democracy in Swedish museums : implementing method of the thing in exhibition-making
- 2023
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Ingår i: Museum Management and Curatorship. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0964-7775 .- 1872-9185. ; 38:1, s. 76-91
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As museums face conflicting demands on maintaining and caringfor their collections, opening for visitor engagement, and beingmore inclusive in their practice, new approaches are needed tomuseum work. This article introduces a democratic and inclusiveapproach focusing on the relational properties of the artefact–the Method of the Thing (Tigenes Metode). We use interviewswith different museum professionals in Sweden. The methodallows knowledge to emerge from the convergence of differentactors within and outside the museum who negotiate theirexpertise, (professional) roles and technical infrastructure of themuseum by foregrounding the object rather than the curators’story. We use the encoding/decoding model to discuss thestrengths and weaknesses of the method where centring theobject allows for a process of democratisation and polyvocality totake shape, thus allowing divergent narratives to emerge.
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| 799. |
-
Æstetiske Protestkulturer
- 2023. - 1
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- Revolutioner, opstande og protester er i høj grad et spørgsmål om billeder. Mens de finder sted, fungerer bestemte billeder, emblemer eller symboler som mobiliserende faktorer og giver konflikten form, tegner forbindelseslinjer til tidligere kampe eller billedliggør det, der kæmpes imod eller for. Når de revolutionære tilstande er ovre, lever begivenhederne videre som ikoniske billeder, der fortætter de komplekse og uoverskuelige hændelsesforløb i enkle, genkendelige repræsentationer, der både dækker over modsætninger og opsamler ny energi, så kampen mod overmagten kan genoptages på et senere tidspunkt.
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| 800. |
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Aesthetics and Politics : A Nordic Perspective on How Cultural Policy Negotiates the Agency of Music and Arts
- 2018. - 1
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Through comparative and integrated case studies, this book demonstrates how aesthetics becomes politics in cultural policy. Contributors from Norway, Sweden and the UK analyse exactly what happens when art is considered relevant for societal development, at both a practical and theoretical level. Cultural policy is seen here as a mechanism for translating values, that through organized and practical aesthetical judgement lend different forms of agency to the arts. What happens when aesthetical value is reinterpreted as political value? What kinds of negotiations take place at a cultural policy ground level when values are translated and reinterpreted? By addressing these questions, the editors present an original collection that effectively centralises and investigates the role of aesthetics in cultural policy research.
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