| 151. |
- Kierkegaard, Amelie, et al.
(författare)
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Determination of linear and cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in air at a regional background site in Sweden
- 2013
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 80, s. 322-329
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A number of volatile methylsiloxanes have been identified as environmental contaminants and several are currently the subject of detailed risk assessments due to concerns that they may be persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic in the environment. Once emitted these chemicals reside primarily in the atmosphere. Consequently, knowledge of their concentrations in air is essential to understanding their fate in the environment and any potential adverse impacts. We developed a method to analyse 4 cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (D3, D4, D5 and D6) and 4 linear volatile methylsiloxanes (L3, L4, L5 and L6) in air at regional background levels. The method showed good repeatability (median difference between sample pairs of 2-8%) and low limits of quantification (from 3.8 pg m(-3) for L3 to 320 pg m(-3) for D4). However, the analysis of D3 and D4 was confounded by the transformation of D5 to these analytes on the sampling cartridge. During a sampling campaign with a daily temporal resolution between November 4 and December 14 2011, all analytes with the exception of L5 and L6 could be quantified in all samples. It was hypothesized that the ratio of the concentrations of different VMS reflected the relative strength of their emissions to the airshed due to the slow phototransformation of the VMS at high latitudes in winter. This was supported by available emissions information.
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| 152. |
- King, M D, et al.
(författare)
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Interaction of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) with a monolayer of oleic acid at the air-water interface - A simple proxy for atmospheric aerosol
- 2010
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 44:14, s. 1822-1825
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The reactions between atmospheric oxidants and organic amphiphiles at the air water interface of an aerosol droplet may affect the size and critical supersaturation required for cloud droplet formation. We demonstrate that no reaction occurs between gaseous nitrogen dioxide (1000 ppm in air) and a monolayer of an insoluble amphiphile, oleic acid (cis-9-octadecenoic acid), at the air water interface which removes material from the air water interface. We present evidence that the NO2 isomerises the cis-9-octadecenoic (oleic) acid to trans-9-octadecenoic (elaidic) acid. The study presented here is important for future and previous studies of (1) the reaction between the nitrate radical, NO3, and thin organic films as NO2 is usually present in high concentrations in these experimental systems and (2) the effect of NO2 air pollution on the unsaturated fatty acids and lipids found at the air liquid surface of human lung lining fluid.
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| 153. |
- Klauser, Franziska, et al.
(författare)
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Emission characterization of modern wood stoves under real-life oriented operating conditions
- 2018
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 192, s. 257-266
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The quality of emission inventories substantially bases on the reliability of used emission factors (EFs). In this work EFs were studied according to recently published characterization methods, called “beReal”, reflecting real life operating conditions in Europe. EFs for four pellet stoves and nine firewood appliances (roomheaters and cookers) of carbon monoxide (CO), organic gaseous compounds (OGC), nitrogen oxides, total solid particles (TSP) of hot and of diluted flue gas, total, elemental and organic carbon (TC, EC, OC) and benzo(a)pyrene were determined.CO, OGC, TSPs, TC, EC and OC emissions from firewood appliances were significantly higher than for pellet stoves, indicating the high relevance of classifying appliances according to the operation type. TSP sampled from diluted flue gas at 40 °C (28 mg MJ−1 to 271 mg MJ−1 based on fuel input) was higher than TSP sampled from hot flue gas (2170 mg MJ−1 to 70 mg MJ−1). This reveals the high relevance of sampling conditions for the determination of real life emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene emissions scattered over a wide range (0.5 μg MJ−1 to 129.8 μg MJ−1) indicating high sensitivity to unfavorable combustion conditions. Therefore a higher number of experimentally determined emissions factors could improve the reliability of EFs for inventories. CO emissions measured in beReal tests were substantially higher than official type tests, thus showing that type testing results provide limited information for the determination of real life emissions.A systematic evaluation of EFs with defined real life methods like beReal would substantially improve the reliability of emission inventories.
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| 154. |
- Klingberg, Jenny, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Variation in ozone exposure in the landscape of southern Sweden with consideration of topography and coastal climate
- 2012
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310. ; 47, s. 252-260
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ozone concentrations ([O3]) and meteorological parameters were measured with a mobile monitoring station at two coastal and five inland sites in southwest Sweden. Three of the five inland sites were located topographically low and two high compared to the surrounding landscape. In addition, [O3] data from six permanent monitoring stations in southern Sweden were analysed in relation to the positions of the measurement sites in the landscape. [O3] was also measured with passive diffusion samplers at two other sites. Both the diurnal temperature range (DTR) and the diurnal [O3] range (DOR) were to a large extent explained by the strength of the nocturnal temperature inversions at the sites. To investigate the influence of topography, the relative altitude of the sites was defined as the average altitude within a 3 km radius subtracted from the altitude of the site. Statistically significant relationships were obtained for average [O3] as well as DOR with relative altitude. Inland low sites experienced stronger nocturnal temperature inversions, lower average [O3] and larger DOR compared to inland high and coastal sites. Relative altitude was found to be superior to site altitude in explaining the variation of average [O3] and DOR in the landscape. This study underlines the importance of including local topography, as well as vicinity to the coast, in modelling [O3] and in O3 environmental risk assessments.
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| 155. |
- Kong, Xiangrui, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of SO2 and light on chemical morphology and hygroscopicity of natural salt aerosols
- 2024
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 322
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The interactions between SO2 and natural salt aerosol particles represent complex and crucial dynamics within atmospheric processes and the broader climate system. This study investigated the SO2 uptake, hygroscopicity, morphology and mixing states of natural salt particles, which are generated from brines sampled from the Chaka salt lake located in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. A comparison with atomized pure NaCl particles is included as reference. The results show that NaCl particles exhibit the lowest SO2 uptake, while Chaka salt particles demonstrate higher uptake due to their complex composition. The hygroscopicity of salt particles is influenced by several factors, including chemical complexity, SO2 exposure and light conditions. In comparison to pure NaCl, Chaka salt displays higher hygroscopicity, which is further enhanced in the presence of SO2. However, when exposed to light, mass growth is suppressed, suggesting the formation of species with lower hygroscopicity, such as Na2SO4. Analysis of particle morphology and mixing states reveals notable distinctions between NaCl crystals and Chaka salt particles, where the Chaka salt particles exhibit rounded shapes with a structure composed of cubic NaCl cores surrounded by sulfate materials as a coating. In addition, the chemical morphology analysis also reveals that the particles show morphological and spectral changes before and after the exposure to SO2, light and high RH. Therefore, this research highlights the intricate interactions between SO2 and natural salt aerosol particles in diverse environmental settings, underscoring their multifaceted impacts on atmospheric processes.
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| 156. |
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| 157. |
- Krecl, Patricia, et al.
(författare)
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Diurnal variation of atmospheric aerosol during the wood combustion season in Northern Sweden
- 2008
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 42:18, s. 4113-4125
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A set of aerosol measurements was conducted in the residential area of Forsdala in Lycksele, Northern Sweden, during winter 2005/2006. This article describes the temporal and diurnal variation of the aerosol physical properties (concentrations of PM10, PM1, light-absorbing carbon, and particle number, and number size distributions), and the relationship among aerosol concentrations and meteorological variables. A large day-to-day and hour-to-hour variability in aerosol concentrations was observed during the intensive study period. Evening aerosol concentrations were statistically significantly higher on weekends than on weekdays. On weekdays, particle size distribution and concentrations varied diurnally with small particles (diameter <30 nm) associated mainly with morning motor vehicle emissions. The results suggest that a combination of emissions from residential wood combustion and traffic sources might explain the high evening concentrations of PM10, PM1, particle number, and light-absorbing carbon as well as large geometric mean diameters observed during weekdays and weekends. Strong correlations of PM10 and PM1 with particle size distributions are found in the diameter range 130–500 nm and are remarkably high on weekend evenings when larger particles are sampled. The correlation between light-absorbing carbon mass concentration and particle size distribution is high regarding both particle number and mass for particle diameters >95 nm. High aerosol concentrations were associated with low air temperatures and very stable atmospheric conditions close to the ground.
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| 158. |
- Krecl, Patricia, et al.
(författare)
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Trends in black carbon and size-resolved particle number concentrations and vehicle emission factors under real-world conditions
- 2017
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 165, s. 155-168
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Kerbside concentrations of NOx, black carbon (BC), total number of particles (diameter > 4 nm) and number size distribution (28-410 nm) were measured at a busy street canyon in Stockholm in 2006 and 2013. Over this period, there was an important change in the vehicle fleet due to a strong dieselisation process of light-duty vehicles and technological improvement of vehicle engines. This study assesses the impact of these changes on ambient concentrations and particle emission factors (EF). EF were calculated by using a novel approach which combines the NOx tracer method with positive matrix factorisation (PMF) applied to particle number size distributions. NOx concentrations remained rather constant between these two years, whereas a large decrease in particle concentrations was observed, being on average 60% for BC, 50% for total particle number, and 53% for particles in the range 28-100 nm. The PMF analysis yielded three factors that were identified as contributions from gasoline vehicles, diesel fleet, and urban background. This separation allowed the calculation of the average vehicle EF for each particle metric per fuel type. In general, gasoline EF were lower than diesel EF, and EF for 2013 were lower than the ones derived for 2006. The EFBC decreased 77% for both gasoline and diesel fleets, whereas the particle number EF reduction was higher for the gasoline (79%) than for the diesel (37%) fleet. Our EF are consistent with results from other on-road studies, which reinforces that the proposed methodology is suitable for EF determination and to assess the effectiveness of policies implemented to reduce vehicle exhaust emissions. However, our EF are much higher than EF simulated with traffic emission models (HBEFA and COPERT) that are based on dynamometer measurements, except for EFBC for diesel vehicles. This finding suggests that the EF from the two leading models in Europe should be revised for BC (gasoline vehicles) and particle number (all vehicles), since they are used to compile national inventories for the road transportation sector and also to assess their associated health effects. Using the calculated kerbside EF, we estimated that the traffic emissions were lower in 2013 compared to 2006 with a 61% reduction for BC (due to decreases in both gasoline and diesel emissions), and 34-45% for particle number (reduction only in gasoline emissions). Limitations of the application of these EF to other studies are also discussed.
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| 159. |
- Kristensson, Adam, et al.
(författare)
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Real-world traffic emission factors of gases and particles measured in a road tunnel in Stockholm, Sweden
- 2004
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310. ; 38:5, s. 657-673
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Measurements in a road tunnel in Stockholm, Sweden give the real-world traffic emission factors for a number of gaseous and particle pollutants. These include 49 different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), CO, NOX, benzene, toluene, xylenes, aldehydes, elements and inorganic/organic carbon contained in particles, the sub-micrometer aerosol number size distribution, PM2.5 and PM10. The exhaust pipe emission factors are divided with the help of automated traffic counts into the two pollutant sources, the heavy-duty vehicles (HDV) and light-duty vehicles (LDV). The LDV fleet contains 95% petrol cars and the total fleet contains about 5% HDV. When data permitted, the emission factors were further calculated at different vehicle speeds. The current work shows that average CO, NOX and benzene emission factors amounted to 5.3, 1.4 and 0.017 g veh(-1) km(-1), respectively. Since the mid-90s CO and benzene decreased by about 15%, carbonyls by about a factor 2, whereas NOX did not change much. PAR emission factors were 2-15 times higher than found during dynamometer tests. Most particles are distributed around 20 nm diameter and the LDV fleet contributes to about 65% of both PM and particle number. In general, the gaseous emissions are higher in Sweden than in USA and Switzerland, foremost due to the lower fraction catalytic converters in Sweden. The PM and number emissions of particles are also slightly higher in the Swedish tunnel. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 160. |
- Kudzotsa, Innocent, et al.
(författare)
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Modeled aerosol-cloud indirect effects and processes based on an observed partially glaciated marine deep convective cloud case
- 2019
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310. ; 204, s. 12-21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A tropical maritime case of deep convective clouds was studied using a state-of-the-art aerosol-cloud model in order to evaluate the microphysical mechanisms of aerosol indirect effects (AIE). The aerosol-cloud scheme used is a hybrid bin/bulk model, which treats all phases of clouds and precipitation allowing a detailed analysis of process-level aerosol indirect effects on targeted cloud types. From the simulations, a substantially huge total AIE on maritime clouds of −17.44 ± 6.1 Wm −2 was predicted primarily because maritime clouds are highly sensitive to perturbations in aerosol concentrations because of their low background aerosol concentrations. This was evidenced by the conspicuous increases in droplet and ice number concentrations and the subsequent reductions in particle mean sizes in the present-day. Both the water-only (−9.08 ± 3.18 Wm −2 ) and the partially glaciated clouds (−8.36 ± 2.93 Wm −2 ) contributed equally to the net AIE of these maritime clouds. As for the partially glaciated clouds, the mixed-phase component (−14.12 ± 4.94 Wm −2 ) of partially glaciated clouds was dominant, whilst the ice-only component (5.76 ± 1.84 Wm −2 ) actually exhibited a positive radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). This was primarily because ice water contents aloft were diminished significantly owing to increased snow production in the present-day.
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