| 31. |
- Nilsson, Marco, 1971
(författare)
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War and Unreason. Bounded Learning Theory and War Duration
- 2010
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Why are some wars longer than others? Offense-defense theorists have assumed that wars are shorter and it is more difficult for states to create security when military technology favors the offense and attacking is easier than defending. This study argues that this assumption is wrong on both accounts. First, statistical hazards models show that various measures of the offense-defense balance are not associated with war duration in the state system between 1817 and 1992. Second, if wars are not shorter when offense is dominant, there should not be more rational incentives for decision-makers to start wars when offense has the advantage compared to when defending is relatively easier. The study develops the bounded learning theory to better understand the causes of war duration and tests it with four case studies. The theory argues that offense dominance is often so limited that it fails to guarantee that the enemy is swiftly run over, other things being equal. As a swift victory does not materialize with the help of offensive military technology and tactics, the process of finding a mutually acceptable negotiated solution to the war easily becomes long because of asymmetric information about expected offensive capacity and expansive ideology (asymmetric causal beliefs and offensive stakes). These variables make it unlikely that the combatants would quickly adjust their war aims so that they reflect their actual battlefield performance. As the combatants do not learn from the battlefield events, they cannot agree on their expected relative strength, which is necessary from a rational choice perspective for finding common ground for a peace treaty. Offense-defense theory specifies defense dominance as the prerequisite for more peaceful interstate relations. On the other hand, defense dominance is difficult to create as the realist self-help logic drives many states to continue developing offensive weapons technology. Furthermore, by assuming that wars are shorter during offense dominant eras, the offensedefense theory creates false incentives for aggression. It is common sense that the risk of war does not increase when defense is dominant. However, even when attacking is relatively easier than defending, incentives for aggression should not increase on average if wars are not particularly short. Thus the study is a contribution to defensive realism.
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| 32. |
- Nilsson, S., et al.
(författare)
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A relationship between migraine and biliary tract disorders: findings in two Swedish samples of elderly twins
- 2010
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Ingår i: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. - : Hindawi Limited. - 1600-0404 .- 0001-6314. ; 122:4, s. 286-294
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives - To investigate whether there is a relationship between the clinical occurrence of migraine and biliary tract disorders (BTD) and to study whether there is a genetic influence on such an association. Materials and Methods - The near lifetime morbidity for migraine and BTD was examined in two Swedish twin-samples: OCTO-Twin (149 MZ and 202 DZ pairs; 234 men, 468 women; 80 years of age or older at inclusion), and the GENDER study (249 unlike-sex DZ-pairs; 70-80 years of age at inclusion). The diagnosis of BTD was established by perusal of medical records from the last twenty years. The diagnosis of migraine was based on iterated questionnaires and personal interviews. Results - The odds ratio (OR) of BTD among OCTO-Twin subjects suffering from migraine was 3.5 (1.9-6.7) in monozygotic pairs and 1.7 (1.0-2.9) in dizygotic pairs The corresponding figures among the GENDER unlike-sex DZ-pairs was 2.7 (1.6-4.5). Migraine was associated with female sex and waist circumference. Conclusions - There is a relationship between the occurrence of migraine and BTD, also when controlling for the fact that both disorders are more frequent in women. The association appears to be partly attributable to genetic influences.
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| 33. |
- Nolbris, Margaretha, 1956, et al.
(författare)
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The experience of therapeutic support groups by siblings of children with cancer.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Pediatric nursing. - 0097-9805. ; 36:6, s. 298-304; quiz 305
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When a child is diagnosed with cancer, the whole family, including siblings, lives in fear of how the cancer will affect the sick child and how it will influence other family members. The aim of this article is to describe the experiences expressed by the siblings in a support group environment when their families have or have had a child diagnosed with cancer. Fifteen siblings 8 to 19 years of age with a brother or sister who was receiving treatment for or had died from cancer were interviewed after participating in therapeutic support groups. These interviews were conducted two weeks after the last group interaction and were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Regardless of gender and age, the siblings felt a sense of belonging and comfort by being in a group, which they appreciated. They were able to share their experiences and help each other with advice and encouragement. They all drew strength from each other. A therapeutic support group for siblings of children with cancer is beneficial. Follow-up interviews with the siblings indicated they found the groups helpful in coping with their situation.
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| 34. |
- Olsson, Tina M., 1971
(författare)
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Intervening in youth problem behavior in Sweden: A pragmatic cost analysis of MST from a randomized trial with conduct disordered youth
- 2010
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Ingår i: International Journal of Social Welfare. - : Wiley. - 1369-6866 .- 1468-2397. ; 19, s. 194-205
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Within the context of a randomized trial, this study assessed the costs of treating conduct disorder with multisystemic therapy (MST) or treatment as usual (TAU) for 156 youth in Sweden. From the perspective of the municipal Social Welfare Administration, all intervention costs were collected for the 6-month period starting at randomization. MST was found to cost, on average, US$8,847 per youth. A course of intervention including MST was found to cost significantly more (US$5,038 per youth) than TAU. Although MST was found to reduce the use of and costs associated with non-placement interventions, MST was not found to reduce the use of or costs associated with placement interventions. This is contrary to findings reported from studies undertaken in the USA. Intent-to-treat (ITT) and treatment-of-treated (TOT) analyses are presented. © 2009 The Author(s). Journal compilation © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare.
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| 35. |
- Olsson, Tina M., 1971
(författare)
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MST with conduct disordered youth in sweden: Costs and benefits after 2 years
- 2010
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Ingår i: Research on Social Work Practice. - : SAGE Publications. - 1049-7315 .- 1552-7581. ; 20, s. 561-571
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the costs and benefits associated with multisystemic therapy (MST) for conduct disordered youth, 2 years following intake. Methods: The study employed a secondary analysis of 156 youth enrolled in a randomized trial assessing the psychosocial and behavioral outcomes of MST. Results: MST cost on average 105,400 SEK per youth. MST was associated with a direct benefit to participants of 1,000 SEK per youth and positively impacted the use of nonplacement downstream interventions for a benefit of 62,100 SEK per youth. These benefits did not offset the cost of MST. Conclusions: MST was associated with a net loss to society after 2 years of 44,500 SEK per youth. © The Author(s) 2010.
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
- Pino Rodríguez, Aymé, 1961-
(författare)
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El uso de aunque y pero por hablantes nativos y aprendices suecos.
- 2010
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Ingår i: El uso de aunque y pero por hablantes nativos y aprendices suecos. Language Windowing through Corpora. / Visualización del lenguaje a través de corpus. Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña 2010.. - 9788497494014 ; , s. 168-178
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of aunque and pero were analyzed in 42 texts produced by Swedish learners of E/LE (Corpus SAELE) compared with the respective use in the Corpus del español (natives Spanish), and the Corpus GP04 (natives Swedish). The use of these connectors in natives Spanish and Swedish learners roughly in terms of functions, but not in frequency. Both connectors are used in higher proportion among Swedish learners of E/LE than in the reference Corpus, probably as a language resource that even at initial levels has already been acquired. The connector pero (or its idiomatic equivalent) is the most frequently used in the three corpora, but clearly more frequently in Swedish than in Spanish.
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| 38. |
- Popok, Vladimir, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy Study of LaAlO3/SrTiO3 Heterointerfaces
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Advanced Microscopy Research. - : American Scientific Publishers. - 2156-7581 .- 2156-7573. ; 5:1, s. 26-30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Surface potential distributions in ultra-thin (0.8-3.9 nm) LaAlO3 layers deposited on SrTiO3 substrates are studied. It is found that the potential distribution evolves from island-like to a homogeneous one with increasing LaAlO3 thickness. It is suggested that the observed islands are caused by a locally enhanced concentration of mobile charge carriers at the interface that is, in turn, related to non-stoichiometry of the layers with thickness bellow 4 unit cells. Transition to a homogeneous potential distribution with increasing LAO thickness (≥4 unit cells) corresponds to the formation of a quasi-2-dimensional electron gas. The results agree with a percolation model explaining the insulator-to-metal transition that occurs at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterointerface.
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Raviola, Elena
(författare)
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Paper meets web : how the institution of news production works on paper and online
- 2010
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The dissertation investigates the institution of news production at work, on paper and online, through an ethnographic study at the largest Italian financial newspaper Il Sole-24 Ore. Building on institutional theory and taking inspiration from Bordieu’s theoretical apparatus describing how cultural capital works, the dissertation presents a framework for the way institutions work, a framework that echoes Mary Douglas’ How Institutions Think (1987). In the space created by the relationships between objects, practices and labels, institutions are at work in the alignments, disarrangements, re-alignments and new alignments among objects, practices and labels. This study examines the encounter between old and new to aid in the understanding of the workings of institutions, because the workings of institutions are made more visible in this encounter between aliens.Empirically, the occasion is the encounter between the newspaper and the website in the framework of the newspaper-website integration project at Il Sole-24 Ore. The main story line develops as follows: An old alignment around the newspaper (old object), to which old practices called journalistic (label) were aligned, is disarranged by the encounter with the website (new object), which is alien to the newspaper and carries new practices for making news. As a consequence of this encounter, the newspaper and the website vacillate between old and new practices and new alignments and realignments are formed: In these movements the institution of news production can be seen at work.This study offers a new perspective on the way institutions work, with serious consideration for the material, practical, and linguistic dimensions of institutions. It opens the black box of institutions, unpacking their workings in an attempt to clarify how stability of institutions results from the work of practices, objects and labels, which are products of institutions and at the same time produce them. Regarding news production in practice, this study aims at inspiring a reflection around what a newspaper is, a question at the very core of the industry transformation at the turn of the 21st century. By focusing on a highly debated topic, the study also offers reflections on the broader societal implications of new media for politics, business, knowledge, and professions.
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