| 181. |
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| 182. |
- Wang, Faming, et al.
(författare)
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A review of technology of personal heating garments.
- 2010
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Ingår i: International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics. - 2376-9130. ; 16:3, s. 387-404
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Modern technology makes garments smart, which can help a wearer to manage in specific situations by improving the functionality of the garments. The personal heating garment (PHG) widens the operating temperature range of the garment and improves its protection against the cold. This paper describes several kinds of PHGs worldwide; their advantages and disadvantages are also addressed. Some challenges and suggestions are finally addressed with regard to the development of PHGs.
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| 183. |
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| 184. |
- Wang, Faming, et al.
(författare)
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A Study on Evaporative Resistances of Two Skins Designed for Thermal Manikin Tore under Different Environmental Conditions
- 2009
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Ingår i: Textile Bioengineering And Informatics Symposium Proceedings, Vols 1 And 2. - 1942-3438. ; , s. 211-215
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A cotton skin and Gore-Tex skin were designed for thermal manikin "Tore" to simulate different sweating styles (wet cotton skin inside and Gore-Tex outside to simulate sweating style of thermal manikin "Walter", and Gore-Tex skin inside with wet cotton skin outside to simulate sweating style of thermal manikins "Newton". The evaporative resistances of two skin combinations with clothing ensembles were compared at two different environmental conditions. In addition, the total evaporative resistance of clothing ensemble was calculated by both heat loss method (option 1) and mass loss method (option 2) according to ASTM F 2370. We found that the effect of different sweating mechanisms on clothing evaporative resistance should be considered. The results showed that the total evaporative resistances obtained by option 2 were more accurate than values by option 1 under an isothermal condition. It was also found that total evaporative resistance differences between two skin combinations with clothing ensembles decreased with increasing clothing ensemble layer. In a non-isothermal condition, the total evaporative resistance calculated by option 1 was more accurate than value obtained by option 2, which was due to lower ambient temperature and condensation between each adjacent layer.
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| 185. |
- Wang, Faming, et al.
(författare)
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A Study on Evaporative Resistances of Two Skins Designed for Thermal Manikin Tore under Different Environmental Conditions
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Fiber Bioengineering and Informatics. - : Textile Bioengineering and Informatics Society. - 1940-8676 .- 2617-8699. ; 1:4, s. 301-305
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- A cotton skin and a waterproof but permeable Gore-Tex skin were designed for the thermal manikin “Tore” to simulate different sweating styles (the wet cotton skin inside and Gore-Tex skin outside to simulate the sweating style of thermal manikin “Walter”, and Gore-Tex skin inside with wet cotton skin outside to simulate the sweating style of thermal manikins “Newton”). The evaporative resistances of two skin combinations with clothing ensembles were compared at different environmental conditions. In addition, the total evaporative resistance of clothing ensemble was calculated by both the heat loss method (option 1) and the mass loss method (option 2) according to ASTM F 2370. We found that the effect of different sweating mechanisms on the clothing evaporative resistance should be considered. The results showed that the total evaporative resistances calculated by option 2 were more accurate than values in option 1 under the isothermal condition. It was also found that differences of the total evaporative resistance between two skin combinations with clothing ensembles decreased with the increasing clothing ensemble layer. In a non-isothermal condition, the total evaporative resistance calculated by option 1 was more accurate than the value obtained in option 2, which was due to the lower ambient temperature and condensations between each adjacent layer.
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| 186. |
- Wang, Faming, et al.
(författare)
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Can the PHS model (ISO7933) predict reasonable thermophysiological responses while wearing protective clothing in hot environments?
- 2011
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Ingår i: Physiological Measurement. - : IOP Publishing. - 0967-3334 .- 1361-6579. ; 32:2, s. 239-249
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- In this paper, the prediction accuracy of the PHS (predicted heat strain) model on human physiological responses while wearing protective clothing ensembles was examined. Six human subjects (aged 29 ± 3 years) underwent three experimental trials in three different protective garments (clothing thermal insulation Icl ranges from 0.63 to 2.01 clo) in two hot environments (40 °C, relative humidities: 30% and 45%). The observed and predicted mean skin temperature, core body temperature and sweat rate were presented and statistically compared. A significant difference was found in the metabolic rate between FIRE (firefighting clothing) and HV (high visibility clothing) or MIL (military clothing) (p < 0.001). Also, the development of heart rate demonstrated the significant effects of the exposure time and clothing ensembles. In addition, the predicted evaporation rate during HV, MIL and FIRE was much lower than the experimental values. Hence, the current PHS model is not applicable for protective clothing with intrinsic thermal insulations above 1.0 clo. The results showed that the PHS model generated unreliable predictions on body core temperature when human subjects wore thick protective clothing such as firefighting clothing (Icl > 1.0 clo). The predicted mean skin temperatures in three clothing ensembles HV, MIL and FIRE were also outside the expected limits. Thus, there is a need for further extension for the clothing insulation validation range of the PHS model. It is recommended that the PHS model should be amended and validated by individual algorithms, physical or physiological parameters, and further subject studies.
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| 187. |
- Wang, Faming, et al.
(författare)
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Determination of Clothing Evaporative Resistance on a Sweating Thermal Manikin in an Isothermal Condition: Heat Loss Method or Mass Loss Method?
- 2011
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Ingår i: Annals of Occupational Hygiene. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1475-3162. ; 55, s. 775-783
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper addresses selection between two calculation options, i.e heat loss option and mass loss option, for thermal manikin measurements on clothing evaporative resistance conducted in an isothermal condition (Tmanikin = Ta = Tr). Five vocational clothing ensembles with a thermal insulation range of 1.05–2.58 clo were selected and measured on a sweating thermal manikin ‘Tore’. The reasons why the isothermal heat loss method generates a higher evaporative resistance than that of the mass loss method were thoroughly investigated. In addition, an indirect approach was applied to determine the amount of evaporative heat energy taken from the environment. It was found that clothing evaporative resistance values by the heat loss option were 11.2–37.1% greater than those based on the mass loss option. The percentage of evaporative heat loss taken from the environment (He,env) for all test scenarios ranged from 10.9 to 23.8%. The real evaporative cooling efficiency ranged from 0.762 to 0.891, respectively. Furthermore, it is evident that the evaporative heat loss difference introduced by those two options was equal to the heat energy taken from the environment. In order to eliminate the combined effects of dry heat transfer, condensation, and heat pipe on clothing evaporative resistance, it is suggested that manikin measurements on the determination of clothing evaporative resistance should be performed in an isothermal condition. Moreover, the mass loss method should be applied to calculate clothing evaporative resistance. The isothermal heat loss method would appear to overestimate heat stress and thus should be corrected before use.
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| 188. |
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| 189. |
- Wang, Faming, et al.
(författare)
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Development and Validation of an Empirical Equation to Predict Sweating Skin Surface Temperature for Thermal Manikins
- 2010
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Ingår i: Textile Bioengineering and Informatics Symposium Proceedings. - 1942-3438. ; 1-3, s. 1213-1218
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thermal manikins are useful tools to study the clothing comfort and environmental ergonomics. The simulation of sweating can be achieved by putting a highly wicking stretchable knit fabric “skin” on top of the manikin. However, the addition of such a fabric skin makes it is difficult to accurately measure the skin surface temperature. Moreover, it takes considerable amount of time to measure the fabric skin surface temperature for each test. At present the attachment of temperature sensors to the wet fabric skin is still a challenge. The distance of the sensors to the fabric skin could significantly influence the temperature and relative humidity values of the wet skin surface. Hence, we conducted an intensive skin study on a dry thermal manikin to investigate the relationships among the nude manikin surface temperature, heat losses and the fabric skin surface temperature. An empirical equation was developed and validated on the thermal manikin "Tore" at Lund University. The empirical equation at ambient temperature 34 oC is Tsk =34.00- 0.0103HL. This equation can be used to enhance the prediction accuracy on the sweating skin surface temperature and the calculation of clothing evaporative resistance.
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| 190. |
- Wang, Faming, et al.
(författare)
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Development and validation of an empirical equation to predict wet fabric skin surface temperature of thermal manikins
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Fiber Bioengineering and Informatics. - : Textile Bioengineering and Informatics Society. - 1940-8676 .- 2617-8699. ; 3:1, s. 9-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thermal manikins are useful tools to study clothing comfort and environmental ergonomics. The simulation of sweating can be achieved by putting a highly wicking stretchable knit fabric “skin” on top of the manikin. However, the addition of such a fabric skin makes it difficult to accurately measure the skin surface temperature. Moreover, it takes considerable amount of time to measure the fabric skin surface temperature at each test. At present the attachment of temperature sensors to the wet fabric skin is still a challenge. The distance of the sensors to the fabric skin could significantly influence the temperature and relative humidity values of the wet skin surface. Hence, we conducted an intensive skin study on a dry thermal manikin to investigate the relationships among the nude manikin surface temperature, heat losses and the fabric skin surface temperature. An empirical equation was developed and validated on the thermal manikin „Tore‟ at Lund University. The empirical equation at an ambient temperature 34.0 ºC is Tsk =34.00-0.0103HL. This equation can be used to enhance the prediction accuracy of wet fabric skin surface temperature and the calculation of clothing evaporative resistance.
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