| 11. |
- Czarnitzki, Dirk, et al.
(författare)
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Access to research inputs: open science versus the entrepreneurial university
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Technology Transfer. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0892-9912 .- 1573-7047. ; 40:6, s. 1050-1063
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The viability of modern open science norms and practices depends on public disclosure of new knowledge, methods, and materials. However, increasing industry funding of research can restrict the dissemination of results and materials. We show, through a survey sample of 837 German scientists in life sciences, natural sciences, engineering, and social sciences, that scientists who receive industry funding are twice as likely to deny requests for research inputs as those who do not. Receiving external funding in general does not affect denying others access. Scientists who receive external funding of any kind are, however, 50 % more likely to be denied access to research materials by others, but this is not affected by being funded specifically by industry.
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| 12. |
- Dachs, B., et al.
(författare)
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The Innovative Performance of Foreign-owned Enterprises in Small Open Economies
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Technology Transfer. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0892-9912 .- 1573-7047. ; 33:4, s. 393-406
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper compares the innovative performance of foreign-owned and domestically owned enterprises in five European countries. We look at innovation inputs, outputs, and examine how strong foreign-owned enterprises are embedded in the innovations systems of their host countries. We find that foreign ownership is associated with similar levels of innovation input, but higher levels of innovation output and higher labour productivity compared to domestic ownership. In four of the five countries, affiliates of foreign multinationals show a similar or even a higher propensity to co-operate with domestic partners than domestically owned enterprises.
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| 13. |
- Dahlborg, Charlotta, et al.
(författare)
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To invent and let others innovate : a framework of academic patent transfer modes
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Technology Transfer. - : Springer. - 0892-9912 .- 1573-7047. ; 42:3, s. 538-563
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Numerous papers on university patenting and commercialisation have mapped the patent ownership landscape at a variety of academic institutions. Despite these efforts, there is still a scarcity in empirical evidence in terms of how patented academic inventions are commercialised over time. This paper extends previous work on academic commercialisation by tracing patent ownership transfers longitudinally. We develop a conceptual framework of academic patent transfer modes that distinguishes between patents transferred through the efforts of the researchers themselves (autonomous mode), through university support intermediaries (bridge mode) or via companies (corporate mode). The framework makes it possible to record knowledge transfer between academic inventors and external innovators at the time of invention (t0), patent filing (t1), and any subsequent time point (tn). Our results indicate that a majority of the patented inventions are transferred from the inventors to outside-of-academe entities. The results show that small and medium-sized companies are the largest absorbers of academic patents. The findings have potential implications for benchmarking of universities and development of more targeted internal innovation support.
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| 14. |
- Goel, Rajeev K., et al.
(författare)
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Academics' entrepreneurship propensities and gender differences
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Technology Transfer. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0892-9912 .- 1573-7047. ; 40:1, s. 161-177
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using survey data from a large public research organization, this study examines entrepreneurship propensities of academic researchers, focusing on gender differences. Although sample means of female and male propensities toward entrepreneurship are fairly similar, regression estimates show significant gender differences in the association of several factors with propensities to start businesses. In particular, prior record of researchers' patenting and institutional leadership promote tendencies towards entrepreneurship among male researchers, but not among female researchers. Also, unlike the male scientists, doctoral degrees and preference for open access of research results do not significantly influence the entrepreneurial attitudes of female researchers. The results for the full sample are similar to those for the male subsample, with a negative coefficient on the variable identifying females.
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| 15. |
- Goel, Rajeev K., et al.
(författare)
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Drivers of innovation productivity of academic researchers through career advancement
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Technology Transfer. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0892-9912 .- 1573-7047. ; 45:2, s. 414-429
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper studies the innovation productivity of academic researchers across their career advancement. Taking patents and invention disclosures as indicators of innovation productivity and using survey data from a large German public research organization, researchers’ productivity is examined during early career and early to mid-career across various dimensions, including years since employment, years since terminal degree and age. The extant literature has primarily focused on publishing productivity of researchers. Results show that early leadership position consistently enhances innovation productivity during the life cycle. However, the effects of the other dimensions differ somewhat. Interestingly, having a doctoral degree enables one to overcome the disadvantages of being a female researcher, and German citizen increases productivity for the overall sample and for early to mid-career researchers.
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| 16. |
- Goel, Rajeev K., et al.
(författare)
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Innovation by foreign researchers : relative influences of internal versus external human capital
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Technology Transfer. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0892-9912 .- 1573-7047.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Innovation productivity of expatriate researchers and human capital that empowers them is an important issue; however, with a scarcity of relevant data, formal empirical evidence has been limited. This paper uses a rich dataset of foreign researchers at a leading German research institution to study the drivers of their innovation productivity (measured by patents and invention disclosures). Another contribution is that we examine the relative effectiveness of internal (institution-specific) and external human capital. These findings are compared to the behavior of native researchers. Results, based on a survey sample of nearly 1000 foreign researchers and taking account of the interdependence between invention disclosures and patenting, show that internal administrative leadership positions (especially group leaders) enhanced propensities to innovate, while purely academic positions (professor or guest researcher) did not positively impact innovation. With regard to external human capital, foreign researchers who were business owners or nascent entrepreneurs were more likely to innovate. Internal (institutional) experience mattered more than industry experience. Doctoral degrees seemed relatively more effective for patenting than for invention disclosures. No significant gender differences in innovation productivity were found. In contrast, while many of the influences were similar for domestic researchers, they experienced positive innovation spillovers from being directors, but domestic female researchers faced special innovation challenges. Finally, domestic professors, unlike foreign professors, did not experience negative tendencies towards innovation.
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| 17. |
- Goel, Rajeev K., et al.
(författare)
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Nascent entrepreneurship and inventive activity: a somewhat new perspective
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Technology Transfer. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0892-9912 .- 1573-7047. ; 38:4, s. 471-485
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper focuses on the nexus between nascent entrepreneurship (NE) and inventive activity. It questions how NE affects inventive activity (including innovation and patenting) while analyzing the views and predictions that have used patenting as an indicator of entrepreneurial behavior. Using data on German researchers and controlling for their personal, professional and institutional attributes, the findings show that NE increases both patenting and innovation. Implications for technology policy are discussed.
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| 18. |
- Goel, Rajeev K., et al.
(författare)
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Risk attitudes, patenting and invention disclosures by academic researchers
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Technology Transfer. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0892-9912 .- 1573-7047. ; 44:1, s. 155-166
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper examines the effect of risk attitudes on innovation behavior of academic researchers. Specifically, using two alternate measures of self-reported risk attitudes, we test the hypothesis that aversion to risk would negatively affect revelation of information in innovations. Results based on a sample of more than 2500 German researchers across both measures of risk aversion show that, consistent with intuition, risk aversion has a significant negative effect on invention disclosures, but not on patenting.
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| 19. |
- Goel, Rajeev K., et al.
(författare)
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What drives academic patentees to bypass TTOs? Evidence from a large public research organisation
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Technology Transfer. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0892-9912 .- 1573-7047. ; 43:1, s. 240-258
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper provides insights into the behavior of academic patentees who choose to bypass in-house Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs). TTOs have gained favor in recent years as academic institutions have tried to increase commercialization of their inventions. Using a large sample of researchers at a leading German public research organisation (PRO), results show that patentees in physical and life sciences, those with doctoral degrees, and those with greater job experience are more likely to bypass TTOs. Different forms of industry interactions, including working in industry, industry cooperation and industry consulting, all make TTO-bypassing more likely, with some interesting differences across gender. Further, as expected, academics favoring free public access to their research are less likely to bypass TTOs. On the other hand, internal leadership position as a research group leader, German citizenship and risk attitudes do no exert significant influences. Implications for technology transfer policies are discussed.
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| 20. |
- Grafström, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Diverging or converging technology capabilities in the European Union?
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Technology Transfer. - : Springer Nature. - 0892-9912 .- 1573-7047.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ongoing debate among economists regarding the presence of economic convergence or divergence has been reignited. This paper aims to dissect the extent of technological divergence or convergence among European Union member states, evaluating the effectiveness of the EU's pronounced goals for convergence. Defining a countries technological level is not straightforward, this study examines six key indicators: (a) scientific journal publications, (b) total patents, (c) high tech exports, (d) Gross domestic expenditure on R&D, (e) government budget on R&D, and (f) human resources in science and technology as a share of the active population. Employing both time-series and longitudinal methodologies, the analysis spans from 2000 to 2019. The findings reveal a gradual catching-up trend in the inventive capabilities across the EU. This modest pace of convergence necessitates a critical reassessment by policymakers of the current EU convergence strategies to ensure they effectively foster technological parity among member states.
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