| 51. |
- Chicksand, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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Sharing of value in business relationships: A theoretical model.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 20th Annual IPSERA Conference. - 9789461780010 ; , s. 80-97
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper explores the sharing of value in business transactions. Although there is anincreased usage of the terminology of value in marketing (such concepts as value based selling and pricing), as well as in purchasing (value-based purchasing), the definition of the term is still vague. In order to better understand the definition of value, the author’s argue that it is important to understand the sharing of value, in general and the element of power for the sharing of value in particular. The aim of this paper is to add to this debate and this requires us to critique the current models. The key process that the analysis of power will help to explain is the division of the available revenue stream flowing up the chain from the buyer's customers. If the buyer and supplier do not cooperate, then power will be key in the sharing of that money flow. If buyers and suppliers fully cooperate, they may be able to reduce theircosts and/or increase the quality of the sales offering the buyer makes to their customer.
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| 52. |
- Dadfar, Hossein, et al.
(författare)
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Board Effectiveness in Pharmaceutical Industry : The Case of TAPIC Pharmaceutical Group
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing. - : David Publication. - 1548-6583. ; 7:5, s. 463-473
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study suggests an emperically tested modelto fit the pharmaceutical industry and the context of LDCs, especially Iran. The paper stands upon a rich database consisting of Tamin Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Investment Company (TAPIC) and its 11 subsidiary companies which are treated as 11 mini-cases. Data were collected by document analysis, questionnaire and interviews. The results suggest some improvements to the earlier models and show that the pattern of board effectiveness in Iranian pharmaceutical industry can be influenced by: (1) Internal factors including: (a) board members, the personality and background, (b) board composition, which is influenced by selection criteria, Tribalism, interpersonal relationship and belonging to the same ideological group, (c) board interactions, and (d) power distribution in the board, which is influenced by parenting power in holding companies. All internal factors are directly or indirectly affected by political issues as well as socio-cultural forces. (2) External factors including: (a) industrial complexity and the nature of industry, (b) industrial ethos, (c) legislation, and political forces, (d) economy, which the last two factors are influenced by international environment as well.
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| 53. |
- Ahmed, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Can discrimination in the housing market be reduced by increasing the information about the applicants?
- 2010
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Ingår i: Land Economics. - : University of Wisconsin Press. - 0023-7639 .- 1543-8325. ; 86:1, s. 79-90
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate how increasing the information about applicantsaffects discrimination in the rental housing market. We letfour fictitious applicants, two with typical Arab/Muslim namesand two with typical Swedish names, use application letterscontaining different amounts of information to apply for apartmentsover the Internet in Sweden. The Arab/Muslim applicants receivedfewer responses from the landlords than did the Swedish applicants.All of the applicants gained by providing more information aboutthemselves, but the amount of discrimination against the Arab/Muslimapplicants remained unchanged, indicating that increasing theamount of information about the applicants will not reduce discrimination
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| 54. |
- Ahmed, Ali
(författare)
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Conditional reciprocity in the investment game
- 2011
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Ingår i: The Social Science Journal. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0362-3319 .- 1873-5355. ; 48:2, s. 404-408
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates whether people are conditional reciprocators in an investment game experiment, in the sense that the more they are trusted, the more they reciprocate. The results show that the majority of participants are conditional reciprocators but that they can be classified into three types: (1) exploitative reciprocators who do not reciprocate and exploit trust; (2) egoistic reciprocators who neither exploit nor reward trust; and (3) generous reciprocators who reward trusting behavior.
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| 55. |
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| 56. |
- Ahmed, Ali, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Inter- and intra-household earnings differentials among homosexual and heterosexual couples
- 2011
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Ingår i: British Journal of Industrial Relations. - : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/London School of Economics. - 0007-1080 .- 1467-8543. ; 49:s2, s. s258-s278
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present earnings differentials between homosexuals and heterosexuals. In line with previous research, we find that gay males earn less than heterosexual males, and that lesbians earn more than heterosexual females. However, when combining the individuals into households, our results are strikingly different: very small earnings differentials between gay households and heterosexual households are found. Lesbian households earn considerably less. The largest earnings inequalities between spouses are found among gay males followed by heterosexuals. Studying sexual orientation and earnings is complex, and household earnings have to be taken into consideration when conclusions are drawn.
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| 57. |
- Ahmed, Ali
(författare)
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Muslim discrimination: : Evidence from two lost letter experiments
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Social Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0021-9029 .- 1559-1816. ; 40:4, s. 888-898
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since the 9/11 terrorist attacks, there has been considerable concern about whether Muslims living in Western countries are targets of prejudice. A considerable amount of survey-based evidence suggests that Muslims are victims of discrimination. This paper tested this hypothesis. Two lost-letter experiments were conducted to test whether the difference in returned letters would be attributable to whether the addressee was Muslim or Swedish. The results show that Muslims receive far fewer letters than do Swedes. However, this discrimination only appears when the lost letters contain money; in which case, the finder gains by not posting the letter.
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| 58. |
- Ahmed, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Sexual orientation and earnings: A register data-based approach to identify homosexuals
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Population Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0933-1433 .- 1432-1475. ; 23:3, s. 835-849
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper examines earnings differentials between homo- and heterosexual individuals by identifying sexual orientation with the help of information from register data. Register data enable us to avoid the misclassifications of sexual orientation often mentioned as a potential bias in survey-based studies. The results show that gay men are at an earnings disadvantage as compared to male heterosexuals while the earnings differential between lesbians and heterosexual women is very small. Our results are in line with results from previous research but are more reliable since we use a more reliable measure of sexual orientation than previous research.
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| 59. |
- Ahmed, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of subtle religious representations on cooperation
- 2011
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Ingår i: International Journal of Social Economics. - : Emerald. - 0306-8293 .- 1758-6712. ; 38:11, s. 900-910
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to investigate how subtle religious representations affect prosocial behavior. The authors study the impact of religious representations on prosocial behavior in terms of cooperation in a one‐shot/three‐person public goods game.Design/methodology/approachThe authors used the scrambled sentence task to prime participants with religious words before they were asked to make a one‐shot/three‐person public goods game decision.FindingsBoth in the raw data and when controlling for factors such as age, gender and religious beliefs, the authors found that priming of religious representations increased cooperation in the experiment, that is, increased contributions to the public good. The authors found no significant interaction effects between priming and self‐reported measures of religiosity, suggesting that the priming effect was present among both self‐reported religious and nonreligious participants. Self‐reported measures of religiosity were not correlated with cooperation in this study.Originality/valueThe paper adds to the growing body of experimental economics literature that has studied self‐reported measures of religiosity alongside behavior in different economic games. This study contributes to the literature by examining the effect of subtle influences of religion on cooperation. Also, in contrast to previous economic literature, the paper examines the direct impact of religion as an independent variable on cooperation.
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| 60. |
- Ahmed, Ali
(författare)
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What is in a surname? The role of ethnicity in economic decision making
- 2010
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Ingår i: Applied Economics. - : Routledge. - 0003-6846 .- 1466-4283. ; 42:21, s. 2715-2723
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article reports results from two experiments that investigate possible incidence of discrimination against people with foreign backgrounds in Sweden. In the first experiment, participants played the trust game and the dictator game with co-players of different ethnic affiliation. The family name of the players was exposed to their co-players. Results for the trust game showed no significant discrimination against co-players with foreign backgrounds. On the other hand, the results for the dictator game showed a statistically significant discriminatory behaviour by men against co-players with non-European backgrounds. The discriminatory behaviour was solely a male phenomenon. In the second experiment, the dictator game was replicated to check the stability of the results in the first experiment. The second experiment also examined whether people with foreign backgrounds discriminate against other people with foreign backgrounds; that is, the purpose was to discover whether discrimination is systematic. The observations in the second experiment underlined the results found in the first experiment: foreign co-players are discriminated against by Swedish players. However, we did not find that people with foreign backgrounds discriminated against other people with foreign backgrounds.
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