| 1011. |
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| 1012. |
- Hesse, Morten, et al.
(author)
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Psychosocial interventions in drug-free treatment for opiate misuse. Conclusions from RCTs
- 2006
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In: Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. - : Nordisk Alkohol- & Narkotikatidskrift Stakes, Forsknings- och utvecklingscentralen för social- och hälsovården i samarbete med Nordiska nämnden för alkohol- och drogforskning (NAD). - 1458-6126. ; 23:2, s. 133-145
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background Methadone and buprenorphine are well-documented treatment options for opiate dependence, and there is substantial evidence to support adjunct psychosocial support for methadone maintenance treatment. Although drug-free treatment is preferred by a large number of patients and has considerable political support, less is known about treatment to support and maintain complete abstinence from all opiates, both illicit and prescribed. Method We conducted a review of studies of psychosocial interventions to support complete abstinence from opiates, to identify what conclusions, if any, can be drawn based on the existing literature. In total, 12 studies were identified. The quality of many studies was excellent, but follow-up was generally short, with only half the studies reporting post-treatment follow-up, and no follow-up longer than 21 months. Discussion Given that drug free treatment aims at lasting abstinence from opiates, this is a serious shortcoming of the literature. Among the few studies with post-treatment follow-up, studies using individual behaviour therapy showed little advantage over the control group with no individual behaviour therapy, and one study using behavioural family therapy showed an advantage for the experimental intervention over the standard intervention. Conclusion The limited evidence that exists suggests that treatment involving the family is superior to individual treatment. More research is required in this important field.
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| 1013. |
- Heuschele, Jan, et al.
(author)
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Context-dependent individual behavioral consistency in Daphnia
- 2017
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In: Ecosphere. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2150-8925 .- 2150-8925. ; 8:2
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The understanding of consistent individual differences in behavior, often termed “personality,” for adapting and coping with threats and novel environmental conditions has advanced considerably during the last decade. However, advancements are almost exclusively associated with higher-order animals, whereas studies focusing on smaller aquatic organisms are still rare. Here, we show individual differences in the swimming behavior of Daphnia magna, a clonal freshwater invertebrate, before, during, and after being exposed to a lethal threat, ultraviolet radiation (UVR). We show consistency in swimming velocity among both mothers and daughters of D. magna in a neutral environment, whereas this pattern breaks down when exposed to UVR. Our study also, for the first time, illustrates how the ontogenetic development in swimming and refuge-seeking behavior of young individuals eventually approaches that of adults. Overall, we show that aquatic invertebrates are far from being identical robots, but instead they show considerable individual differences in behavior that can be attributed to both ontogenetic development and individual consistency. Our study also demonstrates, for the first time, that behavioral consistency and repeatability, that is, something resembling “personality,” is context and state dependent in this zooplankter taxa.
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| 1014. |
- Hibbert, Julia F., et al.
(author)
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Identity and tourism mobility : an exploration of the attitude-behaviour gap
- 2013
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In: Journal of Sustainable Tourism. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0966-9582 .- 1747-7646. ; 21:7, s. 999-1016
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper explores the attitude-behaviour gap from an identity perspective in order to better understand why tourists act sustainably at "home" but not when "away". The majority of tourism-related CO2 emissions stems from transport. Behavioural change is a possible way to reduce those emissions. However, research indicates that instigating behavioural change within tourism is problematic, because of the attitude-behaviour gap. Studies suggest that understanding the role of identity and tourism mobility could explain this gap; this paper researches that idea, using a narrative approach to explore the travel life histories of 24 participants, with a second interview to examine how interviewees viewed their tourism activity in the light of environmental debates and concerns. Data were analysed using thematic and narrative-based dialogic/performance approaches. The paper reveals how a need for personal identity can influence travel behaviour and that identity plays a significant role in travel decisions, sometimes overriding cost and environmental issues. The power of social identity is explored, noting increasingly powerful global VFR networks, along with the search for future selves, the need for personal differentiation and issues of multiple identities. Suggestions are made for ways to use identity research into policies seeking to achieve behavioural change.
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| 1015. |
- Higham, James, et al.
(author)
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Psychological and behavioural approaches to understanding and governing sustainable mobility
- 2013
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In: Journal of Sustainable Tourism. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0966-9582 .- 1747-7646. ; 21:7, s. 949-967
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper introduces and explores the psychological and social factors that both contribute to and inhibit behaviour change vis-a-vis sustainable (tourist) mobility. It is based on papers presented at the Freiburg 2012 workshop. Specifically, it reviews climate change attitudes and perceptions, the psychological benefits of tourism mobilities, addictive elements of mobility and social norming effects, the attitude-behaviour gap (i.e. cognitive dissonance between understandings of, and responses to, climate change), the psychology of modal shifts, the psychology of travel speed/time and psychological explanations for the perceived importance of long distance travel. It notes that anthropogenic climate change is an inescapable reality and that tourism's share of greenhouse gas emissions appears set to rise substantially. There is little prospect of technical solutions adequately addressing this problem. The paper concludes that, while a comprehensive understanding of tourist psychology is necessary to inform policy-makers, it alone will be insufficient to achieve emission reductions, and bring tourism to a climatically sustainable pathway, if treated in isolation. Radical change in the structures of provision is also necessary. That change may take the form of infrastructure planning, including financial and economic infrastructure (e. g. taxation regimes and emission trading schemes) for sustainable mobility.
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| 1016. |
- Higham, James, et al.
(author)
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Reconfiguring Aviation for a Climate-Safe Future : Are Airlines Sending the Wrong Message?
- 2022
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In: Journal of Travel Research. - : Sage Publications. - 0047-2875 .- 1552-6763. ; 61:6, s. 1458-1473
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aviation remains a problematic sector of the global economy in times of climate emergency. Grounded in the ideology of reconfiguration, we adopt a system transitions perspective to address high emissions leisure travel. Our focus falls on the marketing communications of airlines as a critical component in the prevailing sociotechnical regime. Thematic analysis of the e-mail marketing communications of selected airlines revealed three prominent tropes: adventure and discovery; privilege; and urgency. These communications bring air travel into the everyday lives of consumers and accelerate the turnover time of tourist consumption. Time is mobilized to create a sense of resource scarcity and urgency to consume, paradoxically in a situation characterized by oversupply. The COVID-19 pandemic has presented a unique opportunity for structural reform of the airline industry. Component substitution to address airline marketing is required as an important step toward overcoming consumer moral disengagement and reconfiguring the airline industry.
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| 1017. |
- Hintz, William D., et al.
(author)
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Current water quality guidelines across North America and Europe do not protect lakes from salinization
- 2022
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In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 119:9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Human-induced salinization caused by the use of road deicing salts, agricultural practices, mining operations, and climate change is a major threat to the biodiversity and functioning of freshwater ecosystems. Yet, it is unclear if freshwater ecosystems are protected from salinization by current water quality guidelines. Leveraging an experimental network of land-based and in-lake mesocosms across North America and Europe, we tested how salinization—indicated as elevated chloride (Cl−) concentration—will affect lake food webs and if two of the lowest Cl− thresholds found globally are sufficient to protect these food webs. Our results indicated that salinization will cause substantial zooplankton mortality at the lowest Cl− thresholds established in Canada (120 mg Cl−/L) and the United States (230 mg Cl−/L) and throughout Europe where Cl− thresholds are generally higher. For instance, at 73% of our study sites, Cl− concentrations that caused a ≥50% reduction in cladoceran abundance were at or below Cl− thresholds in Canada, in the United States, and throughout Europe. Similar trends occurred for copepod and rotifer zooplankton. The loss of zooplankton triggered a cascading effect causing an increase in phytoplankton biomass at 47% of study sites. Such changes in lake food webs could alter nutrient cycling and water clarity and trigger declines in fish production. Current Cl− thresholds across North America and Europe clearly do not adequately protect lake food webs. Water quality guidelines should be developed where they do not exist, and there is an urgent need to reassess existing guidelines to protect lake ecosystems from human-induced salinization.
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| 1018. |
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| 1019. |
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| 1020. |
- Hjelm, Katarina, 1958-, et al.
(author)
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Beliefs about health and illness in Swedish and African-born women with gestational diabetes living in Sweden.
- 2012
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In: Journal of Clinical Nursing. - Molden, MA, USA : Blackwell Publishing. - 0962-1067 .- 1365-2702. ; 21:9-10, s. 1374-1386
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aims. Exploring beliefs about health and illness in women with gestational diabetes born in Sweden and Africa living in Sweden. Further , to study the influence of beliefs on self-care and care seeking. Design: Exploratory descriptive study. Methods. Semi-structured interviews. Consecutive sample of women diagnosed with gestational diabetes, 13 born in Sweden and 10 born in Africa, from a diabetes clinic in Sweden. Qualitative content analysis of data was applied. Results. Beliefs were mainly related to individual and social factors. Health was described as freedom from disease and being healthy. Swedish women perceived heredity and hormonal changes as causing gestational diabetes, avoided work-related stress, had a healthy lifestyle, worried about the baby's health and development of type 2 diabetes, sought information, used more medications and health care and were on sick-leave more often because of pregnancy-related problems than African women, who did not know the cause of gestational diabetes, had a passive self-care attitude and followed prescriptions, often reported being told by staff that gestational diabetes would disappear after delivery and stated more pregnancy-related problems which they treated with rest or watchful waiting. Conclusions. Health/illness beliefs differed and affected self-care and care seeking. Relevance to clinical practice. Individual beliefs and risk awareness must be elicited, and adequate information must be given to prevent negative health effects of gestational diabetes.
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