| 44211. |
- Koch, Christian, 1958
(författare)
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Machine Learning for Engineering Processes
- 2019
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 1865-1356 .- 1865-1348. ; 354, s. 325-336
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Buildings are realized through engineering processes in projects, that however tend to result in cost and/or time overrun. Therefore, a need is highlighted by the industry and the literature, to develop predictive models, that can aid in decision-making and guidance, especially in a preparation effort before production is initiated. This study aims at investigating what are possible applications of machine learning in building engineering projects and how they impact on their performance? First, a literature review about machine learning (ML) is done. The first case is drawing on a productivity survey of building projects in Sweden (n = 580). The most influential factors behind project performance are identified, to predict performance. Features that are strongly correlated with four performance indicators are identified: cost variance, time variance and client- and contractor satisfaction and a regression analysis is done. Human related factors predict success best, such as the client role, the architect performance and collaboration. But external factors and technical aspects of a building are also important. The second case combines constructability and risk analysis on a basis on civil engineering project from several different countries and with very different character; a town square, a biogas plant, road bridges and sub projects from an airport. The data encompasses 30 projects. The development build on literature study, expert interview, unsupervised and supervised learning. The strength lies more in the conceptual work of risk sources enabled by ML. Human reasoning is needed in building projects. Also after the introduction of ML.
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| 44212. |
- Koch, Christian, 1958, et al.
(författare)
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Making an engine: performativities of building information standards
- 2017
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Ingår i: Building Research and Information. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1466-4321 .- 0961-3218. ; 45:6, s. 596-609
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Digitization of buildings requires the systematic handling of a variety and volumes of data. It is a common vision to aim for coordinated homogenization of data structures, enabled by the classification of information. This paper studies the role of building information standards for classification in digitization of the building life cycle. It draws on science and technology studies of information technology standards, big data and building information modelling (BIM) in building research. The approach is based on performativity of standards for information systems, viewing performativity as potentially non-linear and multiple. The five-year design process of a large hospital in Denmark is examined as episodes of performance of the building information standard, particularly one recent standard, the Cuneco Classification System (CCS). The study shows that despite client demands, several building information standards are active over time: an expansive' design brief process adds user demands and uses room classification. Another process diminishes the design brief more than 50%, with several standards in use. The client's facilities management system, which performs the structuring of data backwards' into the design process, makes architects and engineers (but not contractors) use CCS. This fragmentation of performing standards is denoted multiple performativities' and includes temporal and compartmental performativity.
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| 44213. |
- Koch, Christian, 1958, et al.
(författare)
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Mechatronics business challenges
- 2016
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Ingår i: Proceedings 23rd European Operations Management conference EUROMA 2016.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mechatronics businesses has blossomed for some time, yet still exhibit potential for further growth and development. The objective here is to explore which challenges mechatronics businesses faces. The theory draws on operations strategy, mechatronics and business development. It includes performance indicators of mechatronics business development. Five firms in Switzerland, were investigated. They operate within manufacturing machines and automation. High value innovation are crucial for competitiveness. The important performance indicators found included precision, speed, productivity, flexibility reliability, speedy calibration and production costs. Two companies needed diversification and three independency of clients. We found close interconnectedness between mechatronic technical and business issues.
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| 44214. |
- Koch, Christian, 1958, et al.
(författare)
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Mechatronics: From systems combination to business integration
- 2015
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Ingår i: Proceedings Management of the technology age. Portland International Conference in Management, Engineering of Technology (PICMET 2015). Portland, OR, AUG 02-06, 2015. - 2159-5100. - 9781890843328 ; 2015-September, s. 1576-1584
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The mechatronics approach has been around fordecades, but many companies still struggle realising the businesspotential inherent in successful combination, or even integrationof enabling technologies in systems for mechanical, computing,metrology, and control topics. And the challenges are not onlylinked to combining systems, but also to realise them as productsand create business value doing it.This paper takes an investigative stance and study a systemsand product development process, asking what enablers andbarriers it encompasses for realising an integrated mechatronicsbusiness, drawing on business model and mechatronictheoretical approaches.The case is development of wind turbines and their controlsystems. The SME, with long term experience of control systemsfor one turbine manufacturer, was approached by another withrather different ideas for the combined product, the windturbine. Through an ethnographic study the collaborationprocess in the multinational project organisation was followed.The study shows how several types of engineering, sales,managerial and manufacturing concerns are woven together,but also disrupted over time. The transformation of a salesoriented (product) specification into technical specificationproves problematic, issues of protection of company criticalcompetences occurs, as well as technical and businessintegration issues on mechatronics engineering.
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| 44215. |
- Koch, Christian, 1958, et al.
(författare)
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Missed opportunities: two case studies of digitalization of FM in hospitals
- 2019
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Ingår i: Facilities. - 0263-2772. ; 37:7-8, s. 381-394
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Digital practices of facility management (FM) are undergoing transformation. Several Nordic countries have ambitious hospital-building projects, driven by large public clients with long-term experience of operating complex building campuses. There is thus an opportunity for creating state-of-the-art digital FM. This paper aims to investigate the role of digital FM in new hospital projects in Scandinavia. Design/methodology/approach: Based on a literature review, a framework of understanding of digital FM in hospital operation is established. Two longitudinal cases are presented and analysed, one for a Greenfield hospital and the other for an extension of an existing hospital. Findings: The literature highlights the importance of integration between technical digitalization, competences, organization and management of digital FM. The projects are in different phases and represent quite advanced preparations for digital FM. State-of-the-art computer-aided FM systems are prepared before operation. External consultants are involved, posing a dilemma of in-house/outsourced human resources in the future digital FM operation. Research limitations/implications: Two case studies provide insights, but they have limited generalizability. Practical implications: The study underscores the importance of preparation of management, organization and competences for digitalization. Originality/value: Documented research on building information modelling (BIM) integrations in FM is still scarce. This article adds to the few empirical studies in the area. The findings illustrate that real estate administrators investing in FM software for new hospital buildings face challenges of aligning BIM models from design and construction to the FM system.
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| 44216. |
- Koch, Christian, 1958, et al.
(författare)
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Mixing Hot and Cold: Fiery Soul Architects Creating Sustainable Buildings in the Arctic
- 2018
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Ingår i: Cold Climate HVAC 2018, Sustainable Buildings in Cold Climates. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783030006624 ; , s. 1075-1083
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A small Swedish architectural firm performs a strategy to internationalize in Sweden, Denmark and Norway, even into the most northern parts, Lofoten and Svalbard. These countries and areas exhibit similarities and differences, providing opportunity and barriers for architectural businesses to expand. Three strands of literature are used, business of architectural firm, internationalization, and strategy. The empirical material from the Swedish architectural firm, is gathered through semi-structured interviews and desktop research. The findings indicate that, when the firm executes its business outside local boundaries, three dimensions of strategy must be performed: (1) firm’s services are required by international clients. (2) Opportunity has to be provided and firm must response with flexibility. (3) The service, finally, is executed through an international project where synergy and customization are performed. The strategizing should inseparably relate to the multifaceted situation.
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| 44217. |
- Koch, Christian, 1958, et al.
(författare)
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Multiple dynamics of sustainable housing concepts in Denmark – on the role of passive houses
- 2012
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Ingår i: International Conference on Sustainable Transitions, IST 2012, Track E Theory Development and Critical Perspectives. ; :Volume E, s. 283-307
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The multilevel perspective of Geels (2005, 2011) outlines a number of dynamics of transition, yet after establishing pluralism what really remains from the analysis is a two sided competition between an existing regime and an upcoming technological niche.Critically using Geels’ conceptualization of a world of dynamics, the paper reviews institutional theory and actor network approaches to transition in an attempt to better account for contemporary developments, encompassing EU and governmental reforms and their role in transition in the building sector as well as multiple competing concepts. Referring to multiparadigmatic approaches (Goia & Pitre 1990) we argue that the combination of institutionalist and actor network theory can bring a fruitful understanding of this process. We use institutional theory to address emerging multiple competing institutions (Thornton et al 2012), and actor network to understand the heterogenous actor dynamics (Latour 2005, Pipan &Czarniawska 2010). The emergence of ‘passive houses’ in Denmark is used as a case of transition dynamics. The concept was developed in Germany and imported into Denmark. In Geels’ vocabulary it constitutes a technological niche, encompassing technologies, players, improvisation and early customers. Passive houses as future institutions have entered into fierce competition with other future institutions such as LEED, DGNB/green building council and active houses. Passive Houses was at the outset a well-developed upcoming institution with its own design principles, - software, certification and numerous material realizations, e.g. reference buildings, strong enough to be a challenger institution. Passive houses are promoted by a characteristic alliance of architects, consulting engineers, a few clients, and an architect school, whereas the other concepts exhibit their specific actor alliances. Yet passive houses experience barriers such as the reputation of being expensive and non-user friendly and are currently surpassed by the other concepts.
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| 44218. |
- Koch, Christian, 1958, et al.
(författare)
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Operations Strategy Development in Project-based Production –A Political Process Perspective
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management. - 1741-038X. ; 26:4, s. 501-514
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study how operations strategy (OS) innovation occurs ina project-centred production and organisation.Design/methodology/approach – A longitudinal case study encompassing the processes at theheadquarters of the company and in two projects using lean.Findings – The operation strategy development commences at a middle level in the organisation, isunderpinned and embedded in production projects and only after several years becomes embedded inthe corporate operation strategy. Projects use lean principles in a differentiated manner.Research limitations/implications – A qualitative case study provides insight into only a singleoccasion of change in OS. More case studies would probably reveal several paths of OS development.OS development need to be handled as emergent, political and with contributions from severalmanagers and management levels, bridging the vertical divides between projects and headquarter.Practical implications – A conscious and systematic vertical integration and interaction is crucial inproject-based companies doing operation strategy development, something critically difficult atbuilding contractors.Originality/value – The present study contributes to the small body of studies of OS developmentprocesses, by providing insight in how project-based companies renew their operation strategy.
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| 44219. |
- Koch, Christian, 1958, et al.
(författare)
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Operations Strategy for Maintaining Competitiveness in a European Automotive Company
- 2015
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Ingår i: 24th International Association for Management of Technology Conference: Technology, Innovation and Management for Sustainable Growth, IAMOT 2015, The Westin Cape Town, South Africa, 8-11 June 2015. - 9781775921110 ; , s. 2522-2532
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The automotive industry is mostly known for its large concentration on a few global players. However the industry also encompasses a series of small and medium-sized enterprises, either as suppliers or as value adders, focused on smaller submarkets. This paper focuses on the specific situation in the automotive industry of a medium-sized manufacturer of tankers for trucks in the road transport industry. The company delivers design, manufacturing and service of high quality products to its customers within an engineer-to-order and manufacture-to-order market. The company faces a range of conflicting demands. The company operates in Northern Europe and benefits from proximity to its customers, yet experiences pressure from low cost, volume manufacturer competitors. Its operations strategy focuses on improving efficiency while maintaining the high value adding element to meet the needs of its identified market. The paper provides a case analysis aimed at evaluating the company’s operation strategy, and more specifically its efforts to improve layout, and synchronizing material flows and bills of materials, where the use of kits, bundles of materials and location of stocks, are prominent aspects of production. An operations management theoretical framework is adopted including material handling and layout concepts. The contribution builds on interviews with key informants within the company as well as document analysis and the presence of one author within the company over a longer period. The paper evaluates the development of the company’s operations strategy. It describes the analysis made of internal logistics and the bills of material as well as the role of business strategy, market and fluctuations in personnel numbers, together with the operations strategy steps taken subsequently.
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| 44220. |
- Koch, Christian, 1958, et al.
(författare)
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Performance of retrofit with ICT of social housing - Proving technology optimists wrong?
- 2018
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Ingår i: Proceeding of the 34th Annual ARCOM Conference, ARCOM 2018. ; , s. 667-676
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The costs of social housing retrofit are critical for social housing companies, for efforts to build sustainable cities, and for society. Compared to available resources, retrofits are deemed costly, and there is a need to improve productivity. One approach is to realise digital integration and (partial) automation processes, creating more performative digital practices. However what digitalisation should target and its scope is difficult to decide. Even standard concepts like Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) have many variants. To capture the performance gain of digitalisation requires measurement methods, while most methods are designed for new built and production, and does not appreciate the costs and values that characterize retrofit using digital practices. This paper aims at conceptualizing a method for understanding performance in digitalized retrofit of social housing. A review of approaches to productivity, efficiency and performance is done. Values produced are multidimensional and cannot be reduced to costs per m2. Performance is proposed conceptualized as values produced for clients, tenants and companies, and then compared to costs and effects of the digital practices. The context is two phases of a large Scandinavian retrofit project, followed by a longitudinal study using a mixed method approach. The social housing consists of 900 apartments in blocks and in row houses at 70.000 m2. The refurbishment encompasses new bath rooms, ventilation and parts of the building envelope. A gradual VDC implementation is carried out, avoiding an ambitious overall implementation. The performance is dependent of hybrid ICT and organizational practices, where the interaction with tenants is important. It is therefore a hybrid set of factors that lever performance, including intense coordination among contractors, continual communication, interaction with tenants and the craftsmen's learning during production. The impact of ICT is more indirect. Technology optimism or not, It is not technology alone that improves the performance.
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