| 21. |
- Enflo, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Can Kings Create Towns that Thrive? The long-term implications of new town foundations
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1095-9068 .- 0094-1190. ; 112, s. 50-69
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examine the long-term effects of a series of Swedish towns founded by the Crown during the early modern period. Their advantage over rural parishes consisted in having monopoly rights to trade with the local hinterland. Since the optimum sites were occupied by medieval towns, the Crown could only aim for second-rate locations. Using difference-in-difference combined with Propensity Score Matching, we find that a reduction in the distance to town increased gross production and population up to 30-40 km away. However, there is no evidence of increasing per capita production or yields. These natural constraints could only support a sluggish growth in the towns themselves. However, after the Industrial Revolution, the towns began to thrive. We argue that town status signalled the commitment of the Crown to nurture these locations creating positive expectations despite their natural constraints. During industrialization, agglomeration economies led them to become significantly large urban areas persistent until today.
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| 22. |
- Enflo, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Causality Between Energy and Output in the Long-Run
- 2013
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Ingår i: Energy Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0140-9883. ; 39, s. 135-146
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Though there is a very large literature examining whether energy use Granger causes economic output or vice versa, it is fairly inconclusive. Almost all existing studies use relatively short time series, or panels with a relatively small time dimension. We apply Granger causality and cointegration techniques to a Swedish time series dataset spanning 150 years to test whether increases in energy use and energy quality have driven economic growth or vice versa. We show that these techniques are very sensitive to variable definition, choice of additional variables in the model, sample periods and size, and the introduction of structural breaks. The relationship between energy and growth may also have changed over time - energy causes output in the full sample while output causes energy use in recent smaller samples. Energy prices have a more robust causal impact on both energy use and output.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Enflo, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Coping with Regional Inequality in Sweden: Structural Change, Migrations and Policy, 1860-2000
- 2015
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Ingår i: Economic History Review. - : Wiley. - 1468-0289 .- 0013-0117. ; 68:1, s. 191-217
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In many countries, regional income inequality has followed an inverted U-shaped curve, growing during industrialisation and market integration and declining thereafter. By contrast, Sweden’s regional inequality dropped from 1860 to 1980 and did not show this U-shaped pattern. Accordingly, today’s regional income inequality in Sweden is lower than in other European countries. We note that the prime mover behind the long-run reduction in regional income differentials was structural change, whereas neo-classical and technological forces played a relatively less important role. However, this process of regional income convergence can be divided into two major periods. During the first period (1860-1940), the unrestricted action of market forces, particularly the expansion of markets and high rates of internal and international migrations, led to the compression of regional income differentials. In the subsequent period (1940-2000), the intended intervention of successive governments appears to have also been important for the evolution of regional income inequality. Regional convergence was intense from 1940 to 1980. In this period, governments aided the convergence in productivity among industries and the reallocation of the workforce from the declining to the thriving regions and economic sectors. During the next period (1980-2000), when regional incomes diverged, governments subsidised firms and people in the declining areas.
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| 25. |
- Enflo, Kerstin
(författare)
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Covergence or Divergence? An efficiency approach to European Regional Growth 1980-2002
- 2005
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study investigates the changing growth pattern of 69 European regions measured at NUTS-level 2 between 1980 and 2002 by addressing the hypothesis of capital accumulation versus technological change as sources of convergence or divergence. The paper adds to the existing regional growth and convergence literature in three respects. First, regional estimates of capital stocks are constructed from regional investment series using the Perpetual Inventory Method (PIM). Second, and in contrast to earlier regional growth studies that use standard regression analysis or cluster analysis, the study utilizes Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) combined with a recently proposed decomposition of productivity growth (Kumar & Russell: 2002) into three factors: capital accumulation; technical change and relative efficiency improvements (“catch-up”). The advantage of DEA is that it is non-parametric and requires no a priori specification of the functional form of the productivity frontier. In addition, it allows for a dynamic analysis that can reveal historical lead-lag patterns and identify shifts in the constructed worldwide production frontier. Third, the analysis is extended to address the dynamics of the regional productivity distribution in order to investigate questions of convergence, divergence or the emergence of European “regional clubs” in accordance with the ideas expressed in Quah (1996). From a tentative analysis two results emerge: (i) Capital accumulation and technological change seem to have played equally important roles in increasing labour productivity during the investigated time period. However, relative efficiency improvements seem to have been virtually absent. This suggests that the ranking of regions has remained stable over the time period and that few regions have managed to improve their relative positions. In opposition with standard neoclassical growth models, it also appears that capital accumulation has had a slightly diverging effect on the labour productivity distribution, rather than causing convergence. (ii) Technology is clearly not Hicks neutral, meaning that technological change and technology adaption seem to occur mainly in highly capitalized regions. This finding further highlights the importance of understanding the process of technology diffusion for patterns of growth.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Enflo, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Did Globalization Drive Convergence? Identifying Cross-Country Growth Regimes in the Long Run
- 2011
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Ingår i: European Economic Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-572X .- 0014-2921. ; 55:6, s. 832-844
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper is the first to apply a finite mixture model to a sample of 64 nations to endogenously analyze the cross-country growth behavior over the period 1870-2003. Results show that growth patterns were segmented in two worldwide regimes, the one characterized by convergence in per capita income, and the other by divergence. Interestingly, when three historical epochs are distinctly analyzed, in order to investigate the empirical link between globalization and convergence, the dynamics which dominated over the whole period seem to have emerged only during the post-1950 years. In contrast, the First Global Wave was marked by persistent heterogeneities.
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| 30. |
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