| 1. |
- Vierth, Inge, 1959-, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating the external costs of a modal shift from rail to sea : An application to Sweden's East coast container movements
- 2019
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Ingår i: European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research. - : EDITORIAL BOARD EJTIR. - 1567-7133 .- 1567-7141. ; 19:1, s. 60-76
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study analyzes the comparative level of social and external costs if an existing transport chain is replaced by one that includes a greater use of shipping. The main objective of the paper is to assess, on the basis of changes in social and external cost, the potential effectiveness of policies which aim to promote a modal shift to shipping. The social and external costs of both options are evaluated, therefore, using both Sweden's national guidelines for cost-benefit analysis and the European guidelines. A secondary objective of the paper is to evaluate the sensitivity of outcomes to the methodology applied and the input values employed, as well as to identify the relative strengths and weaknesses of these two CBA methodologies when applied to choices involving a shipping mode, The paper concludes that evaluation outcomes are highly sensitive to the choice of CBA methodology and the input values embedded therein. In addition, a number of shortcomings with the guidelines are identified, the most important of which are the need to: (1) have specific values for air pollution from ships; (2) incorporate a system for continuous updates of emission factors, given that vessel speeds vary over time and; (3) incorporate values for water pollution and its effects on the coast and sea bottom. For the Swedish guidelines specifically, there is a need to encompass a value for the scarcity of rail capacity.
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| 2. |
- Vierth, Inge, 1959-, et al.
(författare)
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How to achieve less emissions from freight transport in Sweden
- 2019
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Ingår i: Maritime Business Review. - 2397-3757. ; 4:1, s. 4-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For the case of Sweden, this paper aims to determine how a range of different infrastructure fees and taxes influences modal split, port throughputs, air emissions, societal costs of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and air pollution, as well as logistics costs.The Swedish national freight model is used to simulate a range of different proposed infrastructure fees, one by one and in combination. The volume of emissions of CO2-equivalents, NOx, SOx and PM under the different scenarios is calculated in both volume and monetary terms, by applying national emission factors and EU values for external costs.Road user fees are calculated to have the largest impact on the modal split, GHG emissions and air pollution. The impact increases slightly when road user fees are combined with higher fees for sea and rail and/or gate fees in all Swedish ports. The imposition of gate fees over €30 per truck in all ports leads to shifts in cargo to land-based modes and to ports outside Sweden. The logistics costs in Sweden are found to be three to ten times higher than the benefits of reduced GHG emissions and air pollution, although other benefits to society need to be considered as well.The results can be used as basis for policy-making. They illustrate the environmental impacts of the fees and taxes one by one and in combination and to what extent these reinforce each other and should be co-ordinated.The outcomes are relevant to national and international policymakers and authorities, as well as port authorities, shippers and transport companies who need to determine unilateral strategies on how to reduce GHG emissions and air pollution, without undermining their wider business objectives.
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| 3. |
- Christodoulou, Anastasia, et al.
(författare)
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Targeting the reduction of shipping emissions to air: A global review and taxonomy of policies, incentives and measures
- 2019
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Ingår i: Maritime Business Review. - 2397-3757. ; 4:1, s. 16-30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify and classify the various initiatives developed and implemented across the globe for the abatement of maritime air emissions. Design/methodology/approach – In this paper, an extensive survey of various sources was conducted, including the official reports of international and regional institutions, government policy documents, port authority websites, classification society pages, private firms’ sites and the academic literature. The initiatives were then categorized in accordance with the classification of the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency and analyzed using the SPSS Statistics software to give some insight into their frequencies and the interrelationships between them. Findings – This exploratory review resulted in the establishment of a comprehensive global database of initiatives encouraged by the whole range of shipping stakeholders and decision-makers for the reduction of shipping air emissions. According to the findings, economic incentives that provide motivation for the adoption of less environmentally damaging practices are the most commonly used initiative, followed by infrastructure investments and informative policies. Research limitations/implications – The results provide implications for further research that include an in-depth analysis of ports’ policies, as well as an evaluation of initiatives applied on a large scale to map their emissions reduction potential for shipping. Originality/value – The main contribution of this paper is the identification and analysis of all the diverse initiatives implemented globally in a comprehensive way and its dealing with air pollution from shipping as a whole.
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| 4. |
- Lindé, Tobias, 1990-, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating the effects of Sweden's environmentally differentiated fairway dues
- 2019
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part D. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 1361-9209 .- 1879-2340. ; 70, s. 77-93
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Evaluation of a globally unique system of environmentally differentiated fairway dues.The evolution of the system and its effects are analyzed.Emissions reductions achieved and associated abatement costs are estimated.Costs and benefits for society are compared.Abatement costs for both SOx and NOx substantially lower than value to society.
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| 5. |
- Vierth, Inge, 1959-, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating the external costs of trailer transport : a comparison of sea and road
- 2018
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Ingår i: Maritime Economics & Logistics. - : Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.. - 1479-2931 .- 1479-294X. ; , s. 1-18
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this study is to deduce the comparative level of external costs per transported trailer within a context where an existing freight transport chain is replaced by one that includes greater use of shipping. Using both Sweden’s national guidelines for cost–benefit analysis (ASEK) and the European guidelines (Ricardo), the external costs of two alternative options are evaluated. The external costs for a road and shipping option are estimated to be lower than for the direct shipping option under Swedish guidelines, but higher under the European guidelines. However, the results favour the road and shipping option in preference to the direct shipping option under both Swedish and European guidelines when internalizing taxes and fees are accounted for. This is the case even where the shipping mode is compliant with the most stringent environmental regulations. The paper concludes that the evaluation system employed can have a fundamental impact on the outcome of a CBA and that the Swedish guidelines (ASEK) could by improved by incorporating specific values for air pollution from ships (particularly NOx emissions) and a system for regularly updating emission factors.
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| 6. |
- Alm, Jens, et al.
(författare)
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Capacity in municipalities : Infrastructures, maintenance debts and ways of overcoming a run-to-failure mentality
- 2021
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Ingår i: Local Economy. - : SAGE Publications. - 0269-0942 .- 1470-9325. ; 36:2, s. 81-97
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a growing maintenance debt of ageing and critical infrastructures in many municipalities in European welfare states. In this article, we use the multidimensional concept of local capacity as a point of departure to analyse how and in what ways Swedish municipalities work with the routine maintenance of infrastructures, including municipal road networks as well as water and sewage systems. For the road networks, maintenance is generally outsourced to contractors and there is also a large degree of tolerance for various standards on different road segments within and between the municipalities. Less used road segments are not as prioritised as those with heavy traffic. For the water and sewage systems, in-house technical capacity is needed as differences in water quality are not tolerated. Economies of scale mean that in-house capacity is translated into the creation of inter-municipal bodies. As different forms of capacities tend to reinforce each other, municipal capacity builds up over time in circular movements. These results add knowledge to current research by pointing to the ways municipalities are overcoming a run-to-failure mentality by building capacity to pay off the infrastructural maintenance debt.
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| 7. |
- Finnsgård, Christian, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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The Shipper's perspective on slow steaming : Study of Six Swedish companies
- 2019
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Ingår i: Transport Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0967-070X .- 1879-310X.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Trans-ocean liner shipping companies adopt slow steaming during periods when the market is characterised by low demand, high fuel prices, low freight rates and overcapacity. The most recent instance in which this occurred was the period following the 2008/2009 global financial crises, and the speeds have not yet rebounded to the pre-crisis levels. Most of the existing research regarding slow steaming takes environmental, economic and maritime engineering perspectives, meaning that the phenomenon is studied from the viewpoint of ship owners. The purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of slow steaming from the shipper's perspective.
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| 8. |
- Krüger, Niclas A., et al.
(författare)
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Consumer value of fuel choice flexibility : a case study of the flex-fuel car in Sweden
- 2013
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Ingår i: European Transport Research Review. - Heidelberg, Germany : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1867-0717 .- 1866-8887. ; 5:4, s. 207-215
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: This paper examines the value of fuel choice flexibility derived from a flex-fuel engine. Method: Based on the stochastic properties of fuel prices, we use Monte-Carlo simulation in order to value the option to switch fuel. Results: Our findings indicate a considerable value of fuel choice flexibility, ranging between 7,500 and 37,800 SEK, depending on the underlying stochastic process we assume that fuel prices follow. This can be compared to the state subsidy of 10,000 SEK provided until recently for buying a flex-fuel car. Conclusion: Compared to an environmentally friendly pure ethanol strategy, the switching strategy is considerably less costly, about 2,000-19,000 SEK depending on the assumed underlying stochastic process, a fact that is important to take into consideration with environmental policy.
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| 9. |
- Johansson, Magnus, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Internalisering av godstrafikens externa effekter – konsekvensanalyser med Samgodsmodellen : en delrapport inom SAMKOST 3
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Regeringen har gett VTI i uppdrag att förbättra kunskapen om transportsektorns samhällsekonomiska kostnader. I en särskild del av detta uppdrag ingår att analysera konsekvenser av en full internalisering av godstrafikens externa effekter.Syftet med denna rapport är att ge en bild av hur transportarbetet med olika trafikslag kan komma att påverkas om skatter och avgifter höjs till en nivå som motsvarar kostnaden för de externa effekter som trafiken ger upphov till. Rapporten innehåller dels en beräkning av hur mycket skatter och avgifter bör höjas för olika fordonsvarianter, dels en modellanalys av hur påföljande kostnadsökningar påverkar transportarbetet på väg, järnväg och sjö. Modellberäkningarna har utförts med Trafikverkets nationella godstransportmodell Samgods.Resultaten visar bland annat att sjöfarten skulle gynnas av den relativprisförändring som skatte- och avgiftshöjningarna ger upphov till. Järnvägstrafiken påverkas kraftigt negativt eftersom en marginalkostnadsprissättning skulle kräva kraftigt höjda banavgifter. En internalisering beräknas ge en positiv klimateffekt, men effekterna är relativt små.
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| 10. |
- Krüger, Niclas A, et al.
(författare)
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The Impact of Real Options on Willingness to Pay for Mortality Risk Reductions
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - Amsterdam : ELSEVIER SCIENCE. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 28:3, s. 563-569
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Public investments are dynamic in nature, and decision making must account for the uncertainty, irreversibility and potential for future learning. In this paper we adapt the theory for investment under uncertainty for a public referendum setting and perform the first empirical test to show that estimates of the value of a statistical lite (VSL) from stated preference surveys are highly dependent on the inclusion of the option value. Our results indicate an option value of a major economic magnitude. This implies that previously reported VSL estimates, used in societal benefit-cost analysis of health investments, are exaggerated.
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