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- Albinsson, Gunilla, et al.
(författare)
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Maktutövning ur ett organisations- och genusperspektiv. En studie vid tre vårdavdelningar
- 2000
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The primary aim of the present thesis is to increase understandig of the relationship between organisational structure, gender and power. Understanding of this relationship requires a closeness to the individual being studied as well to the content and consequences of that individuals´actions. The empirical object of study is a group of professional women at a somatic clinic. The problem investigated is based on a theoretical perspective on organisations; feminist theories and power theories. Our starting point was that these women should be seen as subjects who actively shape their own daily living situation, experience and actions. We thus felt it appropriate to choose a qualitative method. Data was collected by means of observation and qualitative interviews. The results show that the first foundation of gender-related domination at the clinic was hierarchial and bureaucratic and was characterised by a clear power symmetry and division of labour. The second foundation of gender-related domination resulted in the organisational structure of the clinic allowing a few men at the top of the hierarchy to exercise power over the women in the middle and lower levels. An important conclusion is that the women studied were clearly at a disadvantage in a hierarchial organisation. The difference in influence between men and women in the study was further reinforced by the fact that the various professional categories belonged to different sub-cultures. The unisexual sub-cultures when combined with the doctor´s normative sub-culture further increased the opportunities for the men studied to dominate the women, thereby reinforcing the impression that the organisation was based om male norms and the logic of segregation. Male domination can also be understood from an individual perspective. The men studied adopted different strategies as a means of accentuating their position in relation to the women. The study comprised a few women who used specific domination tactics. They possessed knowledge of the different power techniques open to them, and they used these in their relations with men. Knowledge of the two foundations mentioned stimulates the desire to initiate changes. One element of significance in such changes is the re-forming of structural conditions. It is important to bring about changes at individual level. Men and women´s consciousness of, and knowledge about, gender-related domination must be the focus of attention.
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- Arvidsson, Stefan, 1968-
(författare)
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Ariska idoler : Den indoeuropeiska mytologin som ideologi och vetenskap
- 2000
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- By using ancient texts, medieval documents, philological observations, and archaeological artifacts, scholars have reconstructed a prehistorical world and religion. The people who upheld this culture have been named, inter alia, "Indo-Europeans", "Aryans", "Japhetites" and "Wiros". Yet, these people have not left any texts, no artifacts can with certainty be ascribed to them, nor do we know any individual "Indo-European" by name. Despite this, scholars have, with help from daring historical, linguistic and archaeological reconstructions, persistently tried to reach the ancient Indo-Europeans in hopes of finding the foundations for their own culture and religion. The main hypothesis of this thesis is that these pre-historical peoples have not occupied modern man because they were important as historical agents, but because they were, with the words of Claude Lévi-Strauss, "good to think". The interest in "the Indo-Europeans", "the Aryans" and their "Others" — which latter group has at times been described as Jews, Savages, Orientals, Aristocrats, priests, matriarchal farmers, martial pastoralists, French liberals, and/or German nationalists — was (and still is) motivated by a wish to construct alternatives to those identities given by tradition. The study of the Indo-Europeans, their culture and religion, has been a way to produce new concepts, new identities and thus an alternative future. Chapter 1 describes how the concept of an Indo-European entity evolved during the 18th and 19th centuries out of speculations on the identity of different people mentioned in the Bible, out of the discovery of similarities between Indic and European languages, and out of romantic ideas about race and Volk. Chapter 2 deals with the first paradigm in the Indo-European studies, the Nature-Mythological school, and its relationship to Christianity, anti-Semitism and liberal-bourgeois mentality. Chapter 3 discusses the "primitivization" of the "Indo-Europeans" that developt at the end of the 19th century due to nationalism and vitalistic philosophy. Chapter 4 analyses the relationship between the study of Indo-Germanic or Aryan religion in the Third Reich and Nazi ideology. Chapter 5 treats theories that were created as alternative to Nazi scholarship by fascist, Catholic scholars. That chapter also deals with the developments in the study of Indo-European religion and culture during the last half of the 20th century
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- Björklund, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Emotion and social motivation in university students´ real life moral dilemmas
- 2002
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Studied the relationship between motivation and approaches to moral decision-making, and the emotions experienced in moral dilemmas. 44 students were interviewed about a dilemma they had faced. Intimacy was related to a preference for making decisions after having consulted others and to being open to their values and norms, whereas achievement was related to consequence-oriented reasoning and concrete construal of moral problems. When asked to relive their moral dilemma, participants scored lower than their baseline level on a mood questionnaire, females scoring lower than the males. Possible implications of emotion on cognitive processes involved in solving moral dilemmas are discussed.
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- Cijvat, Ellie, et al.
(författare)
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CMOS Transceiver Front-Ends in Mobile Communication Handsets : Architectures and Building Blocks
- 2004
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- For mobile communication systems in the low-GHz range, CMOS has increasingly become the technology of choice, and the level of integration in mobile handsets has risen. The use of off-chip components, which increases the handset assembly time and costs, is preferably avoided. However, integrating a complete transceiver on a single chip leads to disturbances between building blocks. This imposes new and more stringent requirements on building block and transceiver performance, as well as impacts the choice of transceiver architecture.In the general introduction, an overview is given of front-end receiver and transmitter aspects as well as RF CMOS technology. This includes the impact of mobile communication system specifications on architectures and building blocks, transistor and monolithic inductor modeling, and disturbance issues. Special attention is given to power amplifiers, the most challenging building blocks in CMOS transceivers. Papers I, II and III address CMOS receiver front-end aspects and implementations, while in papers IV and V design and challenges of CMOS power amplifiers are described.
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- Ekstrand, Britten
(författare)
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Småbarnsskolan: vad hände och varför?: en sekellång historia studerad med fokus på förändring av pedagogisk verksamhet från 1833 och framåt
- 2000
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Some fields in the research about the history of childcare in the nineteenth century in Sweden is lacking. In popular textbooks infant schools (småbarnsskolor) are thought of and described as a pedagogical and social activity, while a later phenomenon, the nursery schools, seemed to lack all pedagogical insight, care-taking was exclusively at hand. I have questioned this dichotomy. What happened to the infant schools when nursery schools appeared? My intention has been to focus on pedagogical change in infant schools. I had to start with a description of infant schools in Sweden, answering the questions when, where, how and why infant schools appeared and how they developed. Traces from infant schools in ten cities have been thoroughly examined and followed over the years. About thirty infant schools have existed. All of these are referred to, which have been possible thanks to anniversary publications and scientific documents in a mix. Focusing on pedagogical change and development, and inspired by the frame factor theory, I have analyzed organizational and economical factors, factors concerning the teachers, the children and the schoolwork. Factors concerning the management, the school control and the administration show an astonishingly rigid form over more than a century. The age of the children however, as well as qualifications and titles of the teachers change according to the pedagogical change. Two very clear phases in the history of infant schools can be distinguished. In the early years the infant schools in Sweden worked as primary schools. Moving on to the late 19th century, there was an institutional change in those infant schools, which had not been part of the national school system. The institutions were organized as nursery schools in which the pioneers of Froebelian work in Sweden appear. They continued to direct their work towards children from the lower classes. The results are discussed in a social, economic, political and ideological context. Above all the close relationship to three fields is recognized. These are the national school system at the time, the growing acknowledgement of psychology with the changing view of the child and the education of women. The domains are reflected about in relation to the course of events in infant schools in Sweden. In an attempt to understand the material some terms belonging to Pierre Bourdieus epistemological theory are used in the discussion.
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- Elsrud, Torun
(författare)
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Taking Time and Making Journeys : Narratives on Self and the Other among Backpackers
- 2004
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This work addresses the phenomenon of long-term, so-called ‘independent’ travelling, or backpacking, often to destinations described as the ‘third world’. It regards backpacker journeys as arenas for identity work, for expressing individuality and a ‘strong character’. Rather than merely being a parenthetic detour in time and space a backpacker’s trip to the tropics can be understood as a creative effort by the individual to regain the control over time and space thought to be lost in places travellers call home. Yet, at the same time, backpacking reproduces structures of power, through (re)constructing the image of a ‘primitive other’ upon which much of a successful ‘western identity’ rests. The success is, however, not only dependent upon inventing and encountering ‘primitive’ others but also upon the gender of the traveller as well as the competence in mastering manifestations of adventure and risk. The work argues, for instance, that stereotype expectations of femininity (and masculinity) make female ‘adventurism’ into a challenge beyond the actual (or faked) ordeals encountered on the road. Adventurous women are forced to negotiate and balance between expectations placed upon them as (non-adventurous) females and as adventurous travellers. The arguments rest upon the ontological and epistemological conviction that individuals are creative, making the most out of the tools for identity work which society supplies them with. However, in the process of individual self-articulation, structures are both maintained and altered. Consequently, it is through studying individuals and their products/expressions (such as media texts or choice of clothing, food or ‘proper’ transport) that information can be gathered concerning individual thoughts and actions and the structures within which these are manifested. Such an undertaking has been accomplished within this project by means of a qualitative, ethnographically influenced approach, including interviews with backpackers, observations in backpacker areas and analysis of travel media.
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| 10. |
- Englund Johansson, Ulrica
(författare)
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In vivo properties of neural stem cells after transplantation into the rat brain-Studies of phenotypic differentiation and functional integration using cell-specific labelling and electrophysiological techniques
- 2002
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the present thesis, we have examined the in vivo properties of in vitro expanded human and rat neural stem-and progenitor cells after transplantation into the neonatal and adult rat brain. The survival and differentiation of the grafted cells were assessed using species-specific antisera, and pre-labelling with the reporter gene green fluorescent protein (GFP). Long-term growth factor-expanded human progenitors successfully survived after grafting into the neonatal and adult striatum, subventricular zone (SVZ) and hippocampus. Target-directed migration, and region-specific neuronal differentiation of grafted cells were observed after transplantation into the neurogenic SVZ and hippocampus. Extensive migration of implanted cells identified as glial progenitors, occured within white matter. In the striatum and hippocampus, neuronal and glial differentiation were most pronounced at the graft core, with both neuronal and glial processes extending over long distances. A fraction of non-migratory undifferentiated cells remained at the implantation site. Neurogenic properties of the neural cell line RN33B, carrying the GFP reporter gene, were studied after grafting to the neonatal brain. Large numbers of RN33B cells differentiated into pyramidal neurons in the cortex and hippocampus, with projections to normal target regions, such as the thalamus and contralateral hippocampus, respectively, as revealed by retrograde tracing. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings of grafted cortical pyramidal neurons showed that RN33B cells develop physiological properties of mature neurons and become functionally integrated within host neural circuitry. Our data demonstrate a remarkable capacity of expandable neural precursors for different types of migration, and multipotential differentiation, along neuronal and glial lineages. Along with region-specific neuronal differentiation we observed establishment of appropriate anatomical projections, and functional integration into host circuitry. These results suggest that these cell types are highly useful for further research into the mechanisms responsible for cellular migration, differentiation and integration in the mature central nervous system.
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