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| 2. |
- Albinsson, Gunilla, et al.
(författare)
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Maktutövning ur ett organisations- och genusperspektiv. En studie vid tre vårdavdelningar
- 2000
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The primary aim of the present thesis is to increase understandig of the relationship between organisational structure, gender and power. Understanding of this relationship requires a closeness to the individual being studied as well to the content and consequences of that individuals´actions. The empirical object of study is a group of professional women at a somatic clinic. The problem investigated is based on a theoretical perspective on organisations; feminist theories and power theories. Our starting point was that these women should be seen as subjects who actively shape their own daily living situation, experience and actions. We thus felt it appropriate to choose a qualitative method. Data was collected by means of observation and qualitative interviews. The results show that the first foundation of gender-related domination at the clinic was hierarchial and bureaucratic and was characterised by a clear power symmetry and division of labour. The second foundation of gender-related domination resulted in the organisational structure of the clinic allowing a few men at the top of the hierarchy to exercise power over the women in the middle and lower levels. An important conclusion is that the women studied were clearly at a disadvantage in a hierarchial organisation. The difference in influence between men and women in the study was further reinforced by the fact that the various professional categories belonged to different sub-cultures. The unisexual sub-cultures when combined with the doctor´s normative sub-culture further increased the opportunities for the men studied to dominate the women, thereby reinforcing the impression that the organisation was based om male norms and the logic of segregation. Male domination can also be understood from an individual perspective. The men studied adopted different strategies as a means of accentuating their position in relation to the women. The study comprised a few women who used specific domination tactics. They possessed knowledge of the different power techniques open to them, and they used these in their relations with men. Knowledge of the two foundations mentioned stimulates the desire to initiate changes. One element of significance in such changes is the re-forming of structural conditions. It is important to bring about changes at individual level. Men and women´s consciousness of, and knowledge about, gender-related domination must be the focus of attention.
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- Arvidsson, Stefan, 1968-
(författare)
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Ariska idoler : Den indoeuropeiska mytologin som ideologi och vetenskap
- 2000
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- By using ancient texts, medieval documents, philological observations, and archaeological artifacts, scholars have reconstructed a prehistorical world and religion. The people who upheld this culture have been named, inter alia, "Indo-Europeans", "Aryans", "Japhetites" and "Wiros". Yet, these people have not left any texts, no artifacts can with certainty be ascribed to them, nor do we know any individual "Indo-European" by name. Despite this, scholars have, with help from daring historical, linguistic and archaeological reconstructions, persistently tried to reach the ancient Indo-Europeans in hopes of finding the foundations for their own culture and religion. The main hypothesis of this thesis is that these pre-historical peoples have not occupied modern man because they were important as historical agents, but because they were, with the words of Claude Lévi-Strauss, "good to think". The interest in "the Indo-Europeans", "the Aryans" and their "Others" — which latter group has at times been described as Jews, Savages, Orientals, Aristocrats, priests, matriarchal farmers, martial pastoralists, French liberals, and/or German nationalists — was (and still is) motivated by a wish to construct alternatives to those identities given by tradition. The study of the Indo-Europeans, their culture and religion, has been a way to produce new concepts, new identities and thus an alternative future. Chapter 1 describes how the concept of an Indo-European entity evolved during the 18th and 19th centuries out of speculations on the identity of different people mentioned in the Bible, out of the discovery of similarities between Indic and European languages, and out of romantic ideas about race and Volk. Chapter 2 deals with the first paradigm in the Indo-European studies, the Nature-Mythological school, and its relationship to Christianity, anti-Semitism and liberal-bourgeois mentality. Chapter 3 discusses the "primitivization" of the "Indo-Europeans" that developt at the end of the 19th century due to nationalism and vitalistic philosophy. Chapter 4 analyses the relationship between the study of Indo-Germanic or Aryan religion in the Third Reich and Nazi ideology. Chapter 5 treats theories that were created as alternative to Nazi scholarship by fascist, Catholic scholars. That chapter also deals with the developments in the study of Indo-European religion and culture during the last half of the 20th century
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- Ekstrand, Britten
(författare)
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Småbarnsskolan: vad hände och varför?: en sekellång historia studerad med fokus på förändring av pedagogisk verksamhet från 1833 och framåt
- 2000
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Some fields in the research about the history of childcare in the nineteenth century in Sweden is lacking. In popular textbooks infant schools (småbarnsskolor) are thought of and described as a pedagogical and social activity, while a later phenomenon, the nursery schools, seemed to lack all pedagogical insight, care-taking was exclusively at hand. I have questioned this dichotomy. What happened to the infant schools when nursery schools appeared? My intention has been to focus on pedagogical change in infant schools. I had to start with a description of infant schools in Sweden, answering the questions when, where, how and why infant schools appeared and how they developed. Traces from infant schools in ten cities have been thoroughly examined and followed over the years. About thirty infant schools have existed. All of these are referred to, which have been possible thanks to anniversary publications and scientific documents in a mix. Focusing on pedagogical change and development, and inspired by the frame factor theory, I have analyzed organizational and economical factors, factors concerning the teachers, the children and the schoolwork. Factors concerning the management, the school control and the administration show an astonishingly rigid form over more than a century. The age of the children however, as well as qualifications and titles of the teachers change according to the pedagogical change. Two very clear phases in the history of infant schools can be distinguished. In the early years the infant schools in Sweden worked as primary schools. Moving on to the late 19th century, there was an institutional change in those infant schools, which had not been part of the national school system. The institutions were organized as nursery schools in which the pioneers of Froebelian work in Sweden appear. They continued to direct their work towards children from the lower classes. The results are discussed in a social, economic, political and ideological context. Above all the close relationship to three fields is recognized. These are the national school system at the time, the growing acknowledgement of psychology with the changing view of the child and the education of women. The domains are reflected about in relation to the course of events in infant schools in Sweden. In an attempt to understand the material some terms belonging to Pierre Bourdieus epistemological theory are used in the discussion.
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- Fridell, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Psykosocial behandling av drogberoende
- 2001
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Ingår i: Behandling av alkohol- och narkotikaproblem - En evidensbaserad kunskapssammanställning. - 9187890739 ; 2, s. 11-122
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 7. |
- Granér, Rolf
(författare)
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Patrullerande polisers yrkeskultur
- 2004
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Using ethnographical methods, this thesis examines the prevalence and character of an occupational culture among patrolling police in terms of frames of reference, conduct and attitudes, a culture which overrides or is in opposition to the official mandate of the police force. It is suggested that the occupational culture of the patrolling police should not be regarded as a homogenous culture but be seen as describing a continuum from a legalistic to a more autonomous perspective. The legalistic perspective is founded on the official social mandate of the police. The autonomous approach on the other hand is regarded as an independent social power with a clearly partisan interest in defending an often idealised segment of society loosely termed ”the general public” by fighting alleged troublemakers and criminals. This partisanship legitimises what from the autonomous perspective is considered ”real police work”. This primarily involves dealing with crime within the patrolling officers’ area of competence, with clear boundaries between right and wrong. The ”real police work” can be linked to another term within the autonomous perspective:”practical police work”. This includes procedures where immediate results are emphasised at the cost of legally and/or institutionally imposed working practices, a special ”police eye” for what can be seen as different (deviant) and therefore threatening, a relative independence in relation to the code of laws, use of repressive powers to maintain respect for the police and finally a mutual code of silence among policemen. You can also discern three sets of opposing attitudes in the taxonomy. The first one is an alienated ”tired” attitude as opposed to a dedicated ”hungry” attitude. The second one concerns a repressive tough attitude that emphasises the police as a violent power versus a helpful soft attitude that lays more stress on co-operative structures. Finally there is a distinction between a reflective, intellectual approach open to change and an automatic intuitive response where the individual officer tends to generalise the cognitive patterns of the immediate situations so far that it dominates his whole outlook on the surrounding world. This also comprises a general distrust of the surrounding world combined with a view of other people based on simple (facile?) categorisation. The study suggests that when police officers speak about police work more generally the autonomous perspective often dominates. In practice however police on the whole follow a legalistic perspective in terms of following police regulations. Departures from this are nevertheless recurrent and the factors that decide whether an autonomous perspective will prevail are on the one hand the police officers’ level of commitment to their task and on the other an appraisal of the risks of being personally punished for their actions.
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- Gustafsson, Kristina, 1970-
(författare)
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En debatt om en muslimsk friskola
- 2000
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Ingår i: Nord nytt - Nordisk tidsskrift for folkelivsforskning. - Lyngby : Institutionen for europeisk folkelivsforskning. - 0008-1345. ; 78, s. 5-25
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 9. |
- Gustafsson, Kristina
(författare)
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Muslimsk skola, svenska villkor. Konflikt, identitet & förhandling
- 2004
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The study is about a conflict concerning a Muslim Independent School in Jönköping. Based on fieldwork carried out on the Muslim Independent School and one of the local authority´s comprehensive schools - which included fifteen interviews and a comprehensive collection of newspaper articles and reports - I have problemised the relationship between the different groups in the local community and who had the preferential right of intepretation with regard to school, upbringing and values. Muslim parents were regarded by the local community as being incapable of taking responsibility for their own affairs. They were described as economically weak, uneducated, socially segregated and irresponsible. This needs to be understood from the perspective of traditional Swedish welfarepolicy, where the state is considered to be better able to judge what is good for a family with regard to upbringing and education. In addition to the social aspects, different notions of cultural differences led to the families being regarded as tied to tradition and underdeveloped in comparison to the modern Swedish lifestyle. This way of placing contemporary, but different values and behaviour into a time scale ranging from the past and traditional to the present and modern is captured in the study by the concept of chronopolitics. At the same time, arguing the significance of culture and origin became an effective political tool. A result of the argument about diversity was that the Muslim parents accepted a group ranking which placed them at the bottom. Similarly, the liberal vision of the comprehensive school to treat all people as equals was found to have limitations. In order to be regarded as an equal, a person must both recognise and act in accordance with the belief of a liberated self. By using a number of concrete examples, the study shows that it isn´t possible to liberate yourself from knowledge and notions about different people. An analysis of how different people judge and negotiate a particular conflict of values based on their own terms is politically relevant, because every conflict is unique and leads to the awareness that there are many different perspectives as to how public life could be organised.
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