| 1. |
- Li, Weiwei, et al.
(författare)
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The Effect of additive on performance and shelf-stability of HSX-1/PCBM photovoltaic devices
- 2011
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Ingår i: Organic electronics. - : Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam.. - 1566-1199 .- 1878-5530. ; 12:9, s. 1544-1551
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- How 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) enhances performance of polymer solar cells based on polymer HXS-1 and fullerene [6,6]-phenyl C(71)-butyric acid methyl ester (PC(71)BM) from 3.6% to 5.4% is scrutinized with several techniques by comparing devices or blend films spin-coated from dichlorobenzene (DCB) to those from DCB/DIO (97.5:2.5 v/v). Morphology of blend films is examined with atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron tomography (3-D TEM), respectively. Charge generation and recombination is studied with photoluminescence, and charge transport with field effect transistors. The morphology with domain size in 10-20 nm and vertical elongated clusters formed in DIO system is supposed to facilitate charge transport and minimize charge carrier recombination, which are the main reasons for enhancing power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 3.6% (without DIO) to 5.4% (with DIO). Furthermore, a two year inspection shows no significant impact of DIO on the shelf-stability of the solar cells. No visible degradation in the second year indicates that the morphology of the active layers in the devices is relatively stable after initial relaxation in the first year.
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| 2. |
- Müller, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Phase behaviour of liquid-crystalline polymer/fullerene organic photovoltaic blends : thermal stability and miscibility
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Materials Chemistry. - : RSC Publishing. - 0959-9428 .- 1364-5501. ; 21, s. 10676-10684
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The thermal behaviour of an organic photovoltaic (OPV) binary system comprised of a liquidcrystalline fluorene-based polymer and a fullerene derivative is investigated. We employ variabletemperature ellipsometry complemented by photo- and electroluminescence spectroscopy as well as optical microscopy and scanning force nanoscopy to explore phase transitions of blend thin films. The high glass transition temperature correlates with the good thermal stability of solar cells based on these materials. Furthermore, we observe partial miscibility of the donor and acceptor together with the tendency of excess fullerene derivative to segregate into exceedingly large domains. Thus, for charge generation less adequate bulk-heterojunction nanostructures are poised to develop if this mixture is exposed to more elevated temperatures. Gratifyingly, the solubility of the fullerene derivative in the polymer phase is found to decrease if a higher molecular-weight polymer fraction is employed, which offers routes towards improving the photovoltaic performance of non-crystalline OPV blends.
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| 3. |
- O Reese, Matthew, et al.
(författare)
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Consensus stability testing protocols for organic photovoltaic materials and devices
- 2011
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Ingår i: SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS. - : Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam.. - 0927-0248. ; 95:5, s. 1253-1267
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Procedures for testing organic solar cell devices and modules with respect to stability and operational lifetime are described. The descriptions represent a consensus of the discussion and conclusions reached during the first 3 years of the international summit on OPV stability (ISOS). The procedures include directions for shelf life testing, outdoor testing, laboratory weathering testing and thermal cycling testing, as well as guidelines for reporting data. These procedures are not meant to be qualification tests, but rather generally agreed test conditions and practices to allow ready comparison between laboratories and to help improving the reliability of reported values. Failure mechanisms and detailed degradation mechanisms are not covered in this report.
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| 4. |
- Vandewal, Koen, et al.
(författare)
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Charge Transfer States in Organic Donor-Acceptor Solar Cells
- 2011
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Ingår i: Semiconductors and semimetals. - : Academic Press. - 0080-8784. ; 85, s. 261-295
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For an efficient conversion of photons to electrons by organic materials used for photovoltaic applications, the presence of a material interface between an electron-donating and electron-accepting material is crucial. This chapter deals with the interfacial charge transfer states formed at such interfaces under solar illumination. Absorption of long-wavelength light, with energy lower than the optical gap of both donor and acceptor results in the direct formation of these charge transfer states. Decay of CT states to the ground state will result in weak light emission. Both CT absorption and emission will be linked to photovoltaic performance. The role of the CT state in determining the open-circuit voltage is discussed in detail. We will also elaborate on the efficiency of dissociation and photocurrent generation from thermally relaxed CT states. Based on thermodynamical considerations and in the absence of nonradiative recombination, upper limits for the efficiency of organic solar cells based on donor–acceptor interfaces are derived and possible improvements and future research directions are indicated.
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