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Sökning: WFRF:(Wiklund Fredrik)

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61.
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62.
  • Heinat, Fredrik, et al. (författare)
  • Processing Swedish relative clause extractions : An eyetracking study
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: XII International Symposium of Psycholinguistics.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Noun phrases involving relative clauses are assumed to universally comprise syntactic “islands” for extraction, but Swedish exists as a possible exception. Using eyetracking while reading, we investigated whether extraction from Swedish restrictive relative clauses (RCE) ([such old wheelbarrows]1 saw I a man that always washed __1 with benzine...) elicit similar processing costs as extractions from non-restrictive relative clauses, which are known to comprise strong islands (StrongIs); or if they pattern closer to extractions from non-island constructions (NonIs). We also examined to what extent non-linguistic variables (working memory WM, verb-object frequency, and pragmatic-fit) contribute to such differences. Results from a mixed models analysis of the embedded verb (washed) and spillover region (with...) suggest that in early measures, both RCE and NonIs show facilitation relative to StrongIs, but in late measures, RCE patterns closer to StrongIs as WM and pragmatic-fit increase, suggesting that Swedish RCE acceptability is partly dependent on non-linguistic factors.
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63.
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64.
  • Heinat, Fredrik, et al. (författare)
  • Scandinavian relative clause extractions - Apparent restrictions
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Working Papers in Scandinavian Syntax. - 1100-097X. ; 94, s. 36-50
  • Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • This brief article investigates the restrictions on Mainland Scandinavian relative clause extraction that have figured in the literature on island constraints. The conclusion is that none of these restrictions can be regarded as constraints on relative clause extraction per se and therefore that the peripheral status standardly assigned to Mainland Scandinavian relative clause extraction cannot be maintained.
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65.
  • Heinat, Fredrik, et al. (författare)
  • Superadditive effects in judgments of relative clause extractions
  • 2016
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Relative clause extractions generally yield so-called island effects (degraded judgments) across languages (Ross 1967), (1). However, Swedish and the other Mainland Scandinavian languages comprise famous exceptions to this pattern (e.g. Engdahl & Ejerhed 1982), cf. (2).(1) *Those kind of books I know a girl that writes.(2) Såna böcker känner jag en tjej som skriver.The origin of island effects is under debate. Sprouse et al. (2012) found superadditive effects in judgments of island violations in English – combined effects greater than the sum of the individual costs for extraction and complexity (island structure). Because no correlation was found between participants' memory span (measured via serial recall and n-back) and the superadditive effects, they concluded that island effects must be derived from violations of syntactic constraints rather than processing limitations. In contrast, Hofmeister et al. (2014) did find a correlation between working memory span (measured via reading span) and superadditivity in a rapid serial visual representation experiment. They also found superadditive effects in fully grammatical, but hard to process sentences, suggesting that processing factors do play a role in superadditivity and hence in island effects.In our talk, we report on the results from an acceptability judgment experiment that was designed to look for superadditive effects in judgments of relative clause extractions in Swedish, to help determine whether these structures – even though claimed to be acceptable – behave like other island violations with regard to superadditivity. If they do, then this would reduce some of the exceptionality of their status. In the experiment, we investigated the (super)additive effect of clause type (TC vs. RC) and extraction type (long vs. short) on acceptability ratings, and tested whether any such effects correlate with memory span, as measured via an n-back and a reading span task. Our expectation was that the latter test would provide a much better marker of WM than the former.Det var Anna som anmälde en kille som snattade såna chokladkakor i godisaffären. RC + ShortExt Det var Anna som anmälde att en kille snattade såna chokladkakor i godisaffären. TC + ShortExt Det var såna chokladkakor som Anna anmälde en kille som snattade i godisaffären. RC + LongExt Det var såna chokladkakor som Anna anmälde att en kille snattade i godisaffären. TC + LongExt
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66.
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67.
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68.
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69.
  • Heinat, Fredrik, et al. (författare)
  • The status of relative clause extractions in Swedish : data from an offline study
  • 2016
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Relative clause extractions generally yield so-called island effects (degraded judgments) across languages (Ross, 1967), (1). However, Swedish and the other Mainland Scandinavian languages comprise famous exceptions to this pattern (Engdahl and Ejerhed, 1982), cf (2):(1) * Those books I know a girl that writes.(2) S ̊ana bo ̈cker ka ̈nner jag en tjej som skriver. such books know I a girl who writesThe origin of island effects is under debate. Sprouse et al. (2012) found superadditive effects in judgments of island violations in English – combined effects greater than the sum of the individual costs for extraction and complexity (island structure). Because no correlation was found between participants’ working memory (WM) span (measured via serial recall and n-back) and the superadditive effects, they concluded that island effects must be deri- ved from violations of syntactic constraints rather than processing limitations. In contrast, Hofmeister et al. (2014) did find a correlation between WM span (measured via reading span) and superadditivity in a rapid serial visual presentation experiment. They also found superadditive effects in fully grammatical, but hard to process sentences, suggesting that processing factors do play a role in superadditivity and hence in island effects.In our talk, we report on the results from an acceptability judgment experiment that was designed to look for superadditive effects in relative clause extractions in Swedish. We investigated the (super)additive effect of clause type (that-clause (3a), (3c), vs. relative clause, (3b), (3d)), and extraction type (short, (3a)–(3b), vs long, (3c)–(3d)). We also tested whether any such effects correlate with WM span, as measured via an n-back and a reading span task. As a control condition, we also included garden-path sentences and their non- garden-path counterparts, as the processing of garden-paths has been shown to correlate with performance on n-back (Novick et al., 2014).(3)a. Det var Anna som anma ̈lde att en kille snattade s ̊ana chokladkakor it was Anna who reported that a guy stole such chocolate bars i godisaffa ̈ren.from candy store-the b.Det var Anna som anma ̈lde en kille som snattade s ̊ana chokladkakor iit was Anna who reported a guy who stole such chocolate bars from godisaffa ̈ren.candy store-thec. Det var s ̊ana chokladkakor som Anna anma ̈lde att en kille snattade i it was such chocolate bars that Anna reported that a guy stole in godisaffa ̈ren.candy store-thed.Det var s ̊ana chokladkakor som Anna anma ̈lde en kille som snattade i it was such chocolate bars that Anna reported a guy who stole in godisaffa ̈ren.candy store-theUnexpectedly, we found superadditive effects for the relative clause extractions, but no cor- relation with WM, and significantly different ratings for garden-path and non-garden-path sentences, but again no relation with WM. However, since there was no relation between the ratings of garden-paths and WM it is evident that the relation between offline acceptability judgements and WM measure is more complex than assumed in the literature. We therefore cannot conclude that the lack of correlation between the superadditive effect and WM for the extraction data is due to syntactic violations. Rather, we conclude that what causes superadditive effects is still an open question that requires further investigation.ReferenserEngdahl, Elisabet, and Eva Ejerhed, ed. 1982. Readings on unbounded dependencies in Scandinavian languages. Ume ̊a: Ume ̊a University.Hofmeister, Philip, Laura Staum Casasanto, and Ivan A. Sag. 2014. Processing effects in lin- guistic judgment data: (super-)additivity and reading span scores. Language and Cogni- tion 6:111–145. URL http://journals.cambridge.org/articleS1866980813000070.Novick, Jared M., Erika Hussey, Susan Teubner-Rhodes, J. Isaiah Harbison, and Michael F. Bunting. 2014. Clearing the garden-path: improving sentence processing through cogni- tive control training. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 29:186–217.Ross, John Robert. 1967. Constraints on variables in syntax. Doctoral Dissertation, MIT, Cambridge, Mass. [published as ‘Infinite syntax’. 1986].Sprouse, Jon, Matt Wagers, and Colin Phillips. 2012. A test of the relation between working- memory capacity and syntactic island effects. Language 88:82–123.
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