| 11. |
- Fagerström, Cecilia, Docent, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Factorial validity and invariance of the Life Satisfaction Index in older people across groups and time: Addressing the heterogeneity of age, functional ability, and depression.
- 2012
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Ingår i: Archives of gerontology and geriatrics (Print). - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-4943 .- 1872-6976. ; 55:2, s. 349-356
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the last decades, extensive research efforts have been directed at exploring life satisfaction in old age, and the Life Satisfaction Index A scale (LSIA), developed by Neugarten et al. in the 1960s, is one of the most commonly used instruments. However, studies have focused on predicting and comparing changes in people’s life satisfaction without testing if the LSIA instrument is equally valid for different subgroups of people. The present study investigated the underlying dimensions of the LSIA in a Swedish population (n=1402) of people 60−96 years of age. The study also examined factorial invariance across age, gender, functional ability and depression during a six-year period. The results showed that while a five-factor solution of the LSIA did not exhibit an acceptable fit to the data, a three-factor solution did show a close fit. The two three-factor models that demonstrated the best fit showed invariance across gender and across time, but noninvariance across groups with different levels of reduced functional ability, depressive symptoms and age. These findings suggest that the psychometric properties of life satisfaction instruments like the LSIA need to be taken into consideration before drawing conclusions about life satisfaction when comparing older people of different ages and with different depression and function levels.
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| 12. |
- Franch, Xavier, et al.
(författare)
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How do Practitioners Perceive the Relevance of Requirements Engineering Research?
- 2022
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 0098-5589 .- 1939-3520. ; 48:6, s. 1947-1964
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context: The relevance of Requirements Engineering (RE) research to practitioners is vital for a long-term dissemination of research results to everyday practice. Some authors have speculated about a mismatch between research and practice in the RE discipline. However, there is not much evidence to support or refute this perception. Objective: This paper presents the results of a study aimed at gathering evidence from practitioners about their perception of the relevance of RE research and at understanding the factors that influence that perception. Method: We conducted a questionnaire-based survey of industry practitioners with expertise in RE. The participants rated the perceived relevance of 435 scientific papers presented at five top RE-related conferences. Results: The 153 participants provided a total of 2,164 ratings. The practitioners rated RE research as essential or worthwhile in a majority of cases. However, the percentage of non-positive ratings is still higher than we would like. Among the factors that affect the perception of relevance are the paper?s links to industry, the research method used, and respondents? roles. The reasons for positive perceptions were primarily related to the relevance of the problem and the soundness of the solution, while the causes for negative perceptions were more varied. The respondents also provided suggestions for future research, including topics researchers have studied for decades, like elicitation or requirement quality criteria. Conclusions: The study is valuable for both researchers and practitioners. Researchers can use the reasons respondents gave for positive and negative perceptions and the suggested research topics to help make their research more appealing to practitioners and thus more prone to industry adoption. Practitioners can benefit from the overall view of contemporary RE research by learning about research topics that they may not be familiar with, and compare their perception with those of their colleagues to self-assess their positioning towards more academic research. IEEE
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| 13. |
- Gomes, Francisco, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Evolution of statistical analysis in empirical software engineering research : Current state and steps forward
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Systems and Software. - : Elsevier Inc.. - 0164-1212 .- 1873-1228. ; 156, s. 246-267
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Software engineering research is evolving and papers are increasingly based on empirical data from a multitude of sources, using statistical tests to determine if and to what degree empirical evidence supports their hypotheses. To investigate the practices and trends of statistical analysis in empirical software engineering (ESE), this paper presents a review of a large pool of papers from top-ranked software engineering journals. First, we manually reviewed 161 papers and in the second phase of our method, we conducted a more extensive semi-automatic classification of papers spanning the years 2001–2015 and 5196 papers. Results from both review steps was used to: i) identify and analyse the predominant practices in ESE (e.g., using t-test or ANOVA), as well as relevant trends in usage of specific statistical methods (e.g., nonparametric tests and effect size measures) and, ii) develop a conceptual model for a statistical analysis workflow with suggestions on how to apply different statistical methods as well as guidelines to avoid pitfalls. Lastly, we confirm existing claims that current ESE practices lack a standard to report practical significance of results. We illustrate how practical significance can be discussed in terms of both the statistical analysis and in the practitioner's context. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.
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| 14. |
- Gren, Lucas, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Group development and group maturity when building agile teams: A qualitative and quantitative investigation at eight large companies
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Systems and Software. - : Elsevier BV. - 0164-1212 .- 1873-1228. ; 124, s. 104-119
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The agile approach to projects focuses more on close-knit teams than traditional waterfall projects, which means that aspects of group maturity become even more important. This psychological aspect is not much researched in connection to the building of an "agile team." The purpose of this study is to investigate how building agile teams is connected to a group development model taken from social psychology. We conducted ten semi-structured interviews with coaches, Scrum Masters, and managers responsible for the agile process from seven different companies, and collected survey data from 66 group-members from four companies (a total of eight different companies). The survey included an agile measurement tool and the one part of the Group Development Questionnaire. The results show that the practitioners define group developmental aspects as key factors to a successful agile transition. Also, the quantitative measurement of agility was significantly correlated to the group maturity measurement. We conclude that adding these psychological aspects to the description of the "agile team" could increase the understanding of agility and partly help define an "agile team." We propose that future work should develop specific guidelines for how software development teams at different maturity levels might adopt agile principles and practices differently. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 15. |
- Gren, Lucas, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Is it possible to disregard obsolete requirements? a family of experiments in software effort estimation
- 2021
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Ingår i: Requirements Engineering. - : Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. - 0947-3602 .- 1432-010X. ; :3, s. 459-480
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Expert judgement is a common method for software effort estimations in practice today. Estimators are often shown extra obsolete requirements together with the real ones to be implemented. Only one previous study has been conducted on if such practices bias the estimations. We conducted six experiments with both students and practitioners to study, and quantify, the effects of obsolete requirements on software estimation. By conducting a family of six experiments using both students and practitioners as research subjects (N= 461), and by using a Bayesian Data Analysis approach, we investigated different aspects of this effect. We also argue for, and show an example of, how we by using a Bayesian approach can be more confident in our results and enable further studies with small sample sizes. We found that the presence of obsolete requirements triggered an overestimation in effort across all experiments. The effect, however, was smaller in a field setting compared to using students as subjects. Still, the over-estimations triggered by the obsolete requirements were systematically around twice the percentage of the included obsolete ones, but with a large 95% credible interval. The results have implications for both research and practice in that the found systematic error should be accounted for in both studies on software estimation and, maybe more importantly, in estimation practices to avoid over-estimations due to this systematic error. We partly explain this error to be stemming from the cognitive bias of anchoring-and-adjustment, i.e. the obsolete requirements anchored a much larger software. However, further studies are needed in order to accurately predict this effect. © 2021, The Author(s).
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| 16. |
- Gren, Lucas, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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The Prospects of a Quantitative Measurement of Agility: A Validation Study on an Agile Maturity Model
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Systems and Software. - : Elsevier BV. - 0164-1212 .- 1873-1228. ; 107, s. 38-49
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Agile development has now become a well-known approach to collaboration in professional work life. Both researchers and practitioners want validated tools to measure agility. This study sets out to validate an agile maturity measurement model with statistical tests and empirical data. First, a pretest was conducted as a case study including a survey and focus group. Second, the main study was conducted with 45 employees from two SAP customers in the US. We used internal consistency (by a Cronbach’s alpha) as the main measure for reliability and analyzed construct validity by exploratory principal factor analysis (PFA). The results suggest a new categorization of a subset of items existing in the tool and provides empirical support for these new groups of factors. However, we argue that more work is needed to reach the point where a maturity models with quantitative data can be said to validly measure agility, and even then, such a measurement still needs to include some deeper analysis with cultural and contextual items.
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| 17. |
- Hamnerius, N., et al.
(författare)
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Pedal dermatophyte infection in psoriasis
- 2004
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Ingår i: Br J Dermatol. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). ; 150:6, s. 1125-1128
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Dermatophyte infections have been considered rare in psoriasis. However, there are data indicating that tinea unguium is as common or even more common in psoriasis compared with healthy controls. Tinea unguium is generally a secondary event to tinea pedis infection. OBJECTIVES: To study the prevalence of tinea pedis and tinea unguium in psoriasis compared with a control group. METHODS: Consecutive psoriasis outpatients aged 18-64 years attending a department of dermatology were examined. Samples for direct microscopy and culture were taken from the interdigital spaces, soles and toenails. Consecutive patients without signs of psoriasis or atopic dermatitis seeking examination of moles constituted the control group. RESULTS: In total, 239 patients with psoriasis and 245 control patients were studied. The prevalence of tinea pedis was 8.8%[95% confidence interval (CI) +/- 3.6%] in the psoriasis group and 7.8% (95% CI +/- 3.4%) in the control group. The corresponding figures for prevalence of tinea unguium were 4.6% (95% CI +/- 2.7%) and 2.4% (95% CI +/- 1.9%), respectively. The differences found in the psoriasis vs. the control groups were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: This study does not support the hypothesis that the prevalence of tinea pedis and tinea unguium in patients with psoriasis differs from that in a normal population.
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| 18. |
- Holmgren, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Modelling modal choice effects of regulation on low-sulphur marine fuels in Northern Europe
- 2014
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1361-9209 .- 1879-2340. ; 28, s. 62-73
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The implementation of MARPOL Annex VI in the North and Baltic Sea Sulphur Emission Control Area (SECA) has raised economic concerns among shippers and shipowners, as well as spurred policymakers to appeal to various interests, such as citizen health, export industry competitiveness, and consumer prices. To justify their cases, policymakers and stakeholders have commissioned various agencies to monitor the implementation’s effects upon sustainability, especially regarding a potential modal shift from sea to road transport. This article thus reviews some of these commissioned studies in order to analyse the effects of the implementation and the possibility of modal shift. It also provides an agent-based simulation study of route choice for comparatively high-value cargo from Lithuania in the east to the United Kingdom in the west. Ultimately, the results of our TAPAS study do not provide concrete evidence supporting a modal shift from sea to road transport and indeed, they indicate that a shift is unlikely to occur.
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| 19. |
- Holt, Nina E., et al.
(författare)
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Empirical evaluations on the cost-effectiveness of state-based testing: An industrial case study
- 2014
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Ingår i: Information and Software Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0950-5849 .- 1873-6025. ; 56:8, s. 890-910
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context: Test models describe the expected behavior of the software under test and provide the basis for test case and oracle generation. When test models are expressed as UML state machines, this is typically referred to as state-based testing (SBT). Despite the importance of being systematic while testing, all testing activities are limited by resource constraints. Thus, reducing the cost of testing while ensuring sufficient fault detection is a common goal in software development. No rigorous industrial case studies of SBT have yet been published. Objective: In this paper, we evaluate the cost-effectiveness of SBT on actual control software by studying the combined influence of four testing aspects: coverage criterion, test oracle, test model and unspecified behavior (sneak paths). Method: An industrial case study was used to investigate the cost-effectiveness of SBT. To enable the evaluation of SBT techniques, a model-based testing tool was configured and used to automatically generate test suites. The test suites were evaluated using 26 real faults collected in a field study. Results: Results show that the more detailed and rigorous the test model and oracle, the higher the fault-detection ability of SBT. A less precise oracle achieved 67% fault detection, but the overall cost reduction of 13% was not enough to make the loss an acceptable trade-off. Removing details from the test model significantly reduced the cost by 85%. Interestingly, only a 24–37% reduction in fault detection was observed. Testing for sneak paths killed the remaining eleven mutants that could not be killed by the conformance test strategies. Conclusions: Each of the studied testing aspects influences cost-effectiveness and must be carefully considered in context when selecting strategies. Regardless of these choices, sneak-path testing is a neces- sary step in SBT since sneak paths are common while also undetectable by conformance testing.
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| 20. |
- Johansson, Maria Eiman, et al.
(författare)
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Nurses' clinical reasoning concerning management of peripheral venous cannulae
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Nursing. - : Blackwell. - 0962-1067 .- 1365-2702. ; 18:23, s. 3366-3375
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim was to describe nurses´clinical reasoning regarding peripheral venous cannulae management by focusing on the clinical information and circumstances considered during the decision-making process. On every shift nurses make several decisions, among others concerning the management of peripheral venous cannuae. Thrombophlebitis is a common complication associated with its use, although more severe complications can arise. There are clinical practice guidelines within the area, but they are not always adhered to. Previous studies have examined decisions related to the management of peripheral venous cannulae, but did not include observations in a naturalistic setting. A qualitative study combining observations and interviews was designed. Methods: Participant observation facilitated open interviews about the clinical reasoning behind decision-making in observed situations, as well as semi-structured interviews regarding clinical reasoning about the general management of peripheral venouscannulae. transcribed interview texts were analysed with content analysis. Three main categories describe clinical information and circumstances: the individual patient situation, the nurse´s work situation and experience of peripheral venous cannulae management. The overall theme of the interview texts was that the clinical reasoning was a balancing act between minimising patient discomfort and preventing complications from the peripheral venous cannulae. Conclusion: At all times the patients´well-being was considered, but the ways the nurses approached this differed depending on how they considered clinical information in the individual patient situation, circumstances in their own work situation and their experience of peripheral venous cannulae management. Relevance toclinical practice: Knowledge of the clinical information and circumstances considered in naturalistic settings, is valuable when implementing and adjusting clinical practice guidelines to local settings. This knowledge is also useful in nursing education as student nurses´and nurses´ability tobalance between preventing complications and avoiding discomfort is important for enhancing patient care.
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