| 11. |
- Faragardi, Hamid Reza, et al.
(författare)
-
An efficient scheduling of AUTOSAR runnables to minimize communication cost in multi-core systems
- 2014
-
Ingår i: 2014 7th International Symposium on Telecommunications, IST 2014. - 9781479953592 ; , s. 41-48
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The AUTOSAR consortium has developed as the worldwide standard for automotive embedded software systems. From a processor perspective, AUTOSAR was originally developed for single-core processor platforms. Recent trends have raised the desire for using multi-core processors to run AUTOSAR software. However, there are several challenges in reaching a highly efficient and predictable design of AUTOSAR-based embedded software on multi-core processors. In this paper a solution framework comprising both the mapping of runnables onto a set of tasks and the scheduling of the generated task set on a multi-core processor is suggested. The goal of the work presented in this paper is to minimize the overall inter-runnable communication cost besides meeting all corresponding timing and precedence constraints. The proposed solution framework is evaluated and compared with an exhaustive method to demonstrate the convergence to an optimal solution. Since the exhaustive method is not applicable for large size instances of the problem, the proposed framework is also compared with a well-known meta-heuristic algorithm to substantiate the capability of the frameworks to scale up. The experimental results clearly demonstrate high efficiency of the solution in terms of both communication cost and average processor utilization.
|
|
| 12. |
|
|
| 13. |
- Hallmans, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
-
A method and industrial case : Replacement of an FPGA component in a legacy control system
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Proceeding - 2015 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics, INDIN 2015. - 9781479966493 ; , s. 208-214
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A significant part of industrial systems have requirements on long life times. Such requirements on the complete system impose requirements on its corresponding embedded systems to be operational for an equally long time. As a consequence it is of paramount importance to be able to replace obsolete components of the embedded systems during the life time of the system, and to be able to update part of the design due to new requirements. In this paper we present a method to manage component replacement in such systems, and we present an industrial case study highlighting the work needed to replace an FPGA chip with another, including all corresponding legacy FPGA design challenges that comes with such a replacement. We have found one larger problem inherent in the ability to use the included components in a way that is not possible with the new circuits replacing the old ones. This problem significantly increased the work needed when performing the conversion and migration from the old design to the new, since parts of the design had to be redesigned from a functional perspective.
|
|
| 14. |
- Hallmans, D., et al.
(författare)
-
Challenges and opportunities when introducing cloud computing into embedded systems
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Proceeding - 2015 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics, INDIN 2015. - 9781479966493 ; , s. 454-459
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of cloud computing in different application areas is growing fast. More and more functions are being moved into the cloud in order to take advantage of cloud computing strengths such as scalability, resources on demand, and usage based cost models. However, most types of embedded systems are still in an early phase of cloud adoption, with a few exceptions found in e.g., data storage and user interfaces. In this paper we present a number of challenges and opportunities when introducing cloud computing into embedded systems. In particular, we look at embedded systems with requirements on timing predictability, i.e., real-time systems. In the paper we conclude that it is possible to move a complete soft real-time system into the cloud. Moreover we see an upcoming development in cloud computing to potentially allow for hard real-time systems to be moved to the cloud.
|
|
| 15. |
- Hallmans, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
-
Challenges in providing sustainable analytic of system of systems with long life time
- 2021
-
Ingår i: 2021 16th International Conference of System of Systems Engineering (SoSE). - 9781665444545 ; , s. 69-74
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Embedded systems are today often self-sufficient systems with limited communication. However, this traditional view of an embedded system is changing rapidly. Embedded systems are nowadays evolving, e.g., an evolution pushed by the increased functional gain introduced with the concept of System of Systems (SoS) that is connecting multiple subsystems to achieve a combined functionality and/or information of a higher value. In such a SoS the subsystems will have to serve a dual purpose in a) the initial purpose that the subsystem was originally designed and deployed for, e.g., control and protection of the physical assets of a critical infrastructure system that could be up and running for 30-40 years, and b) at the same time provide information to a higher-level system for a potential future increase of system functionality as technology matures and/or new opportunities are provided by, e.g., greater analytics capabilities. In this paper, within the context of a “dual purpose use” of a) and b), we bring up three central challenges related to i) information gathering, ii) life-cycle management, and iii) data governance, and we propose directions for solutions to these challenges that need to be evaluated already at design time.
|
|
| 16. |
- Hallmans, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
-
Consistent sensor values on a real-time ethernet network
- 2016
-
Ingår i: IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems - Proceedings, WFCS. - 9781509023394
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Industrial control systems often exhibit a need for short latencies and/or consistent data gathering. In a system with limited resources it is a challenge to achieve the combination of short latencies and consistent data. In this paper we propose three different architectural solutions to this challenge, each having different trade-offs: one that gives a consistent set of data and also a short latency but with a higher resource usage, a second alternative that reduces resource needs but at the cost of an increased latency, and a third and final solution that reduces resource needs to a minimum but in doing so also increasing the latency. The results presented in this paper suggest that it is possible to get low latency and robustness at the cost of performance.
|
|
| 17. |
- Hallmans, D., et al.
(författare)
-
Design considerations introducing analytics as a 'dual use' in complex industrial embedded systems
- 2021
-
Ingår i: IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781728129891
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Embedded systems are today often self-sufficient with limited and predefined communication. However, this traditional view of embedded systems is changing through advancements in technologies such as, communication, cloud technologies, and advanced analytics including machine learning. These advancements have increased the benefits of building Systems of Systems (SoS) that can provide a functionality with unique capabilities that none of the included subsystems can accomplish separately. By this gain of functionality the embedded system is evolving towards a 'dual use' purpose11In this paper we define dual usage as a control system having two purposes. In other contexts such as politics, diplomacy and export control, the term 'dual-use' refers to technology that can be used for both peaceful and military aims, e.g., nuclear power technology., The use is dual in the sense that the system still needs to handle its original task, e.g., control and protect of an asset, and it must provide information for creating the SoS. Larger installations, e.g., industry plants, power systems and generation, have in most cases a long expected life-cycle, some up to 30-40 years without significant updates, compared to analytical functions that evolve and change much faster, i.e., requiring new types of data sets from the subsystems, not know at its first deployment. This difference in development cycles calls for new solutions supporting updates related to new requirements inherent in analytical functions. In this paper, within the context of 'dual usage' of systems and subsystems, we analyze the impact on an embedded system, new or legacy, when it is required to provide analytic data with high quality. We compare a reference system, implementing all functions in one CPU core, to three other alternative solutions: a) a multi-core system where we are using a separate core for analytics, b) using a separate analytics CPU and c) analytics functionality located in a separate subsystem. Our conclusion is that the choice of analytics information collection method should to be based on intended usage, along with resulting complexity and cost of updates compared to hardware cost.
|
|
| 18. |
- Hallmans, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
-
GPGPU for Industrial Control Systems
- 2013
-
Ingår i: 18th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation ETFA'13. - 9781479908622 ; , s. Article number 6648166-
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this work in progress paper we present parts of our ongoing work on using the Graphical Processing Unit (GPU) in the context of Embedded Systems. As a first step we are investigating the possibility to move functions from a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) to a GPU. If it is possible to make such a migration then it would simplify the hardware designs for some embedded systems by removing external hardware and also remove a potential life cycle issue with obsolete components. We are currently designing a test system to be able to compare performance between a legacy control system used today in industry, based on a CPU/DSP combination, to a new design with a CPU/GPU combination. In this setting the pre-filtering of sampled data, previously done in the DSP, is moved to the GPU.
|
|
| 19. |
- Lindgren, M., et al.
(författare)
-
Applicability of using internal GPGPUs in industrial control systems
- 2014
-
Ingår i: 19th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA 2014. - 9781479948468 ; , s. Article number 7005096-
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Industrial control systems are continuously increasing in functionality, connectivity, and levels of integration, and as a consequence they require more computational power. At the same time, these systems have specific requirements related to cost, reliability, timeliness, and thermal power dissipation, which put restrictions on the hardware and software used. Today the high-end embedded CPUs not only provide multiple cores, but also integrated graphics processors (GPU) at close to no additional cost. The use of GPUs for general processing have several potential values in industrial control systems; 1) the added computational power and the high parallelism could pave way for new functionality and 2) the integrated GPU could potentially replace other hardware and thereby reduce the overall cost. In this paper we investigate the applicability of using integrated GPUs in industrial control systems. We do this by evaluating the performance of GPUs with respect to computational problem types and sizes typically found in industrial control systems. In the end we conclude that GPUs are no obvious match for industrial control systems and that several hurdles remain before a wide adoption can be motivated.
|
|
| 20. |
- Liu, Meng, et al.
(författare)
-
On providing real-time guarantees in cloud-based platforms
- 2016
-
Ingår i: IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems - Proceedings, WFCS. - 9781509023394
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cloud technologies are gaining more and more attentions in recent years. Cloud-based service brings benefits in cost, energy efficiency, sharing of resources, increased flexibility, adaptability and evolvability. However, there are a number of associated challenges that need to be properly addressed before applying the cloud technique generally in industries. Providing efficient and predictable computation and communication is one of the important challenges, since many industrial systems (e.g. a control system) have specific timing requirements. Our current work thus focuses on guaranteeing the predictability of a cloud-based service. Virtualization, as one of the key technologies in Cloud Computing, is used to abstract details of resources away from end-services which simplifies the resource sharing. It thus improves the resource utilization and saves budget for end-users. In this preliminary work, we have implemented a distributed system using virtualization techniques (including virtual machines and virtual switches). Additionally, we generate a number of experiments to investigate how QoS policies can help us to provide real-time communication guarantees.
|
|
