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Sökning: swepub > Umeå universitet > Engelska > Övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt > (2010-2011)

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41.
  • Chesbrough, Henry, et al. (författare)
  • Open innovation and public policy in Europe
  • 2011
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Industrial innovation processes are becoming more open. The large, vertically integrated R&D laboratory systems of the 20th century are giving way to more vertically disintegrated networks of innovation that connect numerous companies into ecosystems. Since innovation policy ultimately rests on the activities and initiatives of the private sector, it is vital that policy follows this evolution.Previous innovation policies relied on large companies to act as the engines of innovation in the EU. While large companies remain quite relevant to innovation within the EU, they themselves report that their processes involve many more SMEs and other contributors outside their own walls. Therefore, innovation policy must also move outside the walls of these large companies and consider the roles of human capital, competition policy, financing, intellectual property, and public data in promoting an environment of open innovation.In this report, we combine new research and analysis on open innovation with focused interviews of major participants in the European innovation system. The result is a series of recommendations for public policies that could, if implemented, improve the climate for open innovation to take place in the European Union – and thereby improve the competitiveness of the European economy overall. Taken together, these recommendations comprise an informal ‘charter’ for EU open innovation policy. The authors would like to thank Esther Van Zimmeren of the Centre for Intellectual Property Rights (CIR) of the Catholic University of Leuven for her explanation of various aspects of the European patenting system and the role of patent pools and IP clearing houses.This report was commissioned by ESADE Business School in Barcelona and the Science|Business Innovation Board AISBL. The Board is a Belgian not-for-profit scientific association that commissions original policy research, engages with policymakers and the press, and works generally to improve the climate for innovation in Europe. Its three co-founders are Science|Business, ESADE and INSEAD, with participation and support from Microsoft, BP, SKF and Imperial College London. In addition, Pfizer contributed support for this particular study. Further information is at www.sciencebusiness.net. The Board is grateful to Máire GeogheganQuinn, EU Commissioner for Research, Innovation and Science, for her encouragement and comments on this research.
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42.
  • Cronie, Ottmar, et al. (författare)
  • Maximum likelihood estimation in a discretely observed immigration-death process
  • 2010
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • In order to find the maximum likelihood (ML) estimator of the parameter pair governing the immigration-death process (a continuous time Markov chain) we derive its transition probabilities. The likelihood maximisation problem is reduced from two dimensions to one dimension. We also show the consistency and the asymptotic normality of the ML-estimator under an equidistant sampling scheme, given that the parameter pair lies in some compact subset of the positive part of the real plane. We thereafter evaluate, numerically, the behaviour of the estimator and we finally see how our ML-estimation can be applied to the so-called Renshaw-Särkkä growth interaction model; a spatio-temporal point process with time dependent interacting marks in which the immigration-death process controls the arrivals of new marked points as well as their potential life-times.
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43.
  • Cronie, Ottmar, et al. (författare)
  • Spatio-Temporal Modelling of Swedish Scots Pine Stands
  • 2011
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Considering measurements of locations and radii at breast height made at three different time points of the individual trees in ten Swedish Scots pine plots, we employ the so called growth-interaction (GI) process for the spatio-temporal modelling of the plots. The GI-process places trees at random locations in the study region and assigns radii (sizes) to the trees, which interact and grow with time. It has been used to model Scots pine plots in previous studies, and to improve the fit we suggest some modifications of the model: A different location assignment strategy and a different function for the open-growth (growth in absence of competition). We believe also that the space-time data contain too small trees to reflect the open-growth properly, which primarily affectsthe carrying capacity parameter. We evaluate the open-growth froma separate set of data which consists of size and age measurements ofolder and larger single Scots pines. This data set better represents the open-growth of Scots pines than the space-time data sets. A linear relationship is found between the estimated site indexes of the plots and the sizes, and this relationship is exploited in the estimation of the carrying capacity. For each of the ten space-time data sets (plots) we estimate the remaining parameters of the GI-process and finally, by means of some Monte Carlo tests, we test the goodness-of-fit of simulated predictions from the fitted model.
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44.
  • Danielsson, Ulrika, 1969-, et al. (författare)
  • Psychosocial Life Environment and Life Roles in Interaction with Daily Use of Information Communication Technology Boundaries between Work and Leisure
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Information and Communication Technologies, Society and Human Beings: Theory and Framework. - Hershey : IGI Global. - 9781609600570 - 1609600576 ; , s. 266-282
  • Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The presence of ICT (Information Communication Technology) in our psychosocial work environment and in our personal lives, has increased rapidly during the past 40 years. This way of interacting with ICT is often characterized in terms of access to information and social networks with the possibility of being independent of time and place. Every person’s psychosocial health is influenced by their life environment; a combination of their work and home environments, their life roles and of their social networks. People who work professionally in the field of ICT or use ICT in their work experience a blurring between their professional and private roles. However, when people’s experience of work and leisure becomes blurred, this may impact on their psychosocial health. They need to develop strategies to create ways of allowing time for recovery. In this chapter we present a review of the literature that identifies the effects that cause a blurring of the line between work and leisure. Moreover, we present some examples of strategies for managing the blurring of contexts facilitated by ICT. Presented research combines theories from the fields of psychology, informatics and work science.
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45.
  • Dapi N., Léonie, 1971- (författare)
  • Socioeconomic and sex differences in adolescents’ dietary intake, anthropometry and physical activity in Cameroon, Africa
  • 2010
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Background: People in Cameroon are experiencing a dietary transition characterized by changing from traditional food habits to increased intake of highly processed sweet and fatty food. The rapid change in food pattern combined with an increased sedentary lifestyle has resulted in a rather high prevalence of obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. Nutritional intake is important during adolescence for growth spurt, health, cognitive development and performance in school. Objective: The aim of this thesis was to assess dietary intake, anthropometry and physical activity of adolescents according to sex and socioeconomic status (SES) and to investigate food perceptions of adolescents living in urban and rural areas of Cameroon. Methods: Girls and boys, 12-16 years of age, were randomly selected from schools in urban and rural areas. Food frequency questionnaire, 24-hour dietary and physical activity recalls, anthropometric measurements, qualitative interviews and a background questionnaire were used for data collection. Results: The proportion of overweight was three times higher in girls (14%) compared to boys (4%). Stunting and underweight were more common among boys (15% and 6%) than girls (5% and 1%). The prevalence of stunting was two times higher among the urban adolescents with low SES (12%) compared to those with high SES (5%). The rural adolescents had the highest proportion of stunting but more muscle that the urban adolescents. The rural adolescents ate in order to live and to maintain health. Urban adolescents with low SES ate in order to maintain health, while those with high SES ate for pleasure. More than 30% of the adolescents skipped breakfast in the urban area. Urban adolescents with high SES and girls reported a more frequent consumption of in-between meals and most food groups compared to the rural adolescents, boys and those with low SES. Over 55% of the adolescents had a protein intake below 10% of the energy (E%). Twenty-six percent of the adolescents had fat intake below 25 E%, and 25% had fat intake above 35 E%. A large proportion of the adolescents had an intake of micronutrients below the estimated average recommendation. Boys and the adolescents with low SES reported a higher energy expenditure and physical activity level than girls and the adolescents with high SES, respectively. Both under- and over-reporting of energy intake were common among the adolescents. Conclusions: The present study showed that nutrient inadequacy, stunting, underweight, as well as overweight and obesity were common among the adolescents in Cameroon. Therefore an intervention program targeting both under- and overnutrition among school adolescents is needed. Sex and socioeconomic differences also need to be considered.
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50.
  • Ekborg, Margareta, et al. (författare)
  • Working with socio-scientific issues . Students’ and teachers’ experiences
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the XIV Symposium of the International Organization for Science and Technology Education (IOSTE). - : Institute for Innovation and Development of University of Ljubljana. ; , s. 382-392
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • We present a research project aiming at investigating how teachers and students in lower secondary school experience work with socio-scientific issues (SSIs). Our interest concerns the importance the actual content has for the students‘ interest and learning and how students‘ gender and attitudes towards science, affect their experience. Another interest is how the teachers describe their work with the cases, the students‘ learning and what difficulties they encounter in the work. We have compared students‘ and teachers‘ experiences of the SSI work. Data have been collected by questionnaires with students and teachers and interviews with teachers. The teachers confirm results from this and other studies that students are interested in working with socio-scientific issues. However some of results are contradictory. The teachers felt safe with content and work forms but they still arranged SSI as something special and even if they were comfortable with group work they generally did not seem to know how to facilitate the students‘ work. Both students and teachers found the work interesting and the teachers but not the students judged that the students learnt as much science as usual. Both students and teachers perceived critical thinking, search for information, and ability in argumentation as learning outcomes that were developed during the work with the case.
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