| 1. |
- Hang, Jian, et al.
(author)
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Effect of urban morphology on wind condition in idealized city models
- 2009
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In: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 43:4, s. 869-878
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Wind conditions in urban environments are important for a number Of reasons. They can serve to out of the urban environment and to moderate urban microclimatic conditions if transport air Pollutants satisfactory, yet can compromise pedestrian comfort and safety if not. We aim to study experimentally and numerically the effects of urban morphology (e.g., overall city form (skyline), street orientation, and street configuration) on wind conditions in cities. This report considers our initial investigations of two idealized city forms that are coincidentally similar to ancient Roman cities that were organized On One OF two primary streets - a main north-south street, the cardus maximus, and a secondary east-west street, the decumanus maximus - and contained within a well-defined perimeter. We first consider round and square city models with one main street set parallel to the approaching wind and a secondary street producing an intersection at city centre. Not Surprisingly, wind conditions in the two city models are dissimilar due to their shape differences. We then consider a long rectangular city model with a fully developed steady flow region along the main street. If the main street of the round city model is narrow, the parallel approaching wind cannot blow through the entire street and a penetrating inflow exists at the leeward opening. For the Found city model with two crossing streets, a slightly non-parallel wind to the main Street generates a stronger wind level in the entire street volume, Crown.
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| 2. |
- Nielsen, Ingeborg E., et al.
(author)
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Time-resolved analysis of particle emissions from residential biomass combustion – Emissions of refractory black carbon, PAHs and organic tracers
- 2017
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In: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 165, s. 179-190
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Time-resolved particle emissions from a conventional wood stove were investigated with aerosol mass spectrometry to provide links between combustion conditions, emission factors, mixing state of refractory black carbon and implications for organic tracer methods. The addition of a new batch of fuel results in low temperature pyrolysis as the fuel heats up, resulting in strong, short-lived, variable emission peaks of organic aerosol-containing markers of anhydrous sugars, such as levoglucosan (fragment at m/z 60). Flaming combustion results in emissions dominated by refractory black carbon co-emitted with minor fractions of organic aerosol and markers of anhydrous sugars. Full cycle emissions are an external mixture of larger organic aerosol-dominated and smaller thinly coated refractory black carbon particles. A very high burn rate results in increased full cycle mass emission factors of 66, 2.7, 2.8 and 1.3 for particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, refractory black carbon, total organic aerosol and m/z 60, respectively, compared to nominal burn rate. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are primarily associated with refractory black carbon-containing particles. We hypothesize that at very high burn rates, the central parts of the combustion zone become air starved, leading to a locally reduced combustion temperature that reduces the conversion rates from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to refractory black carbon. This facilitates a strong increase of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emissions. At nominal burn rates, full cycle emissions based on m/z 60 correlate well with organic aerosol, refractory black carbon and particulate matter. However, at higher burn rates, m/z 60 does not correlate with increased emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, refractory black carbon and organic aerosol in the flaming phase. The new knowledge can be used to advance source apportionment studies, reduce emissions of genotoxic compounds and model the climate impacts of refractory black carbon, such as absorption enhancement by lensing.
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| 3. |
- Hang, Jian, et al.
(author)
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Pollutant dispersion in idealized city models with different urban morphologies
- 2009
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In: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 43:38, s. 6011-6025
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The mechanism of pollutant dispersion in idealized city models is investigated numerically by the introduction of a uniformly distributed pollutant source at street pedestrian level. We first study three short city forms with a single main street or two crossing streets, characterized by street length/street height ratios of L/H = 6 or 7 and a street height/street width ratio of H/W = 1, including a sharp-edged round city model, a smooth-edged round city model, and a sharp-edged square city model. For short city models with a single street and a parallel approaching wind, pollutant dilution mainly depends on the horizontal flow rate which decreases along the street. This decreasing rate is smallest for the smooth-edged round city model, which results in the lowest street concentrations. For city models with two crossing streets and the approaching wind parallel to the main street. the differences in overall city form result in different dispersion processes. For a sharp-edged round city model with two crossing streets, an approaching wind slightly non-parallel to the main street generates a lower pollutant concentration in the entire street volume. We also studied a sharp-edged round city model with one narrow street (L/H = 6: H/W = 6.7), finding that the uniformly distributed pollutants are transported from two street entries to the city centre, and are then removed out across the street roof. In contrast to the short city models we studied a single-street sharp-edged long rectangular city model (L/H = 21.7; H/W = 1) in which the horizontal flow rate remained nearly constant in a region far from the two entries. Within this region the turbulence across the street roof contributed more to the pollutant removal than vertical mean flows.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Ekberg, Lars, 1962
(author)
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Volatile organic compounds in office buildings
- 1993
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In: Atmospheric Environment. - 1873-2844 .- 1352-2310. ; 28:22, s. 3571-3575
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper concerns field measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in five office buildings. The buildings were selected to represent buildings without obvious problems with regard to the indoor air quality. The total concentrations of VOCs (TVOC) were measured using two different detection principles. Both short-term measurements and continuous monitoring were carried out. The results show that the use of continuous TVOC monitoring can provide valuable information in addition to the results obtained by sampling. The indoor TVOC concentrations obtained by gas chromatography ranged from 0.16 to 0.35 mgm−3. The indoor-outdoor TVOC concentration difference obtained by photoacoustic spectroscopy was about twice as high during working hours as during the night time. Furthermore, it is indicated that VOCs in indoor environments do not only originate from construction materials and other internal sources. Outdoor sources can also have a substantial influence on the indoor VOC concentrations.
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| 6. |
- Jenkin, M. E., et al.
(author)
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The CRI v2.2 reduced degradation scheme for isoprene
- 2019
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In: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-2844 .- 1352-2310. ; 212:1 Sept., s. 172-182
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The reduced representation of isoprene degradation in the Common Representative Intermediates (CRI)mechanism has been systematically updated, using the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM v3.3.1)as a reference benchmark, with the updated mechanism being released as CRI v2.2. The complete isoprene degradation mechanism in CRI v2.2 consists of 186 reactions of 56 closed shell and free radical species, this being an order of magnitude reduction in size compared with MCM v3.3.1. The chemistry initiated by reaction with OH radicals, NO3 radicals and ozone (O3)is treated. An overview of the updates is provided, within the context of reported kinetic and mechanistic information. The revisions mainly relate to the OH-initiated chemistry, which tends to dominate under atmospheric conditions, although these include updates to the chemistry of products that are also generated from the O3- and NO3-initiated oxidation. The revisions have impacts in a number of key areas, including recycling of HOx and NOx. The performance of the CRI v2.2 isoprene mechanism has been compared with those of the preceding version (CRI v2.1)and the reference MCM v3.3.1 over a range of relevant conditions, using a box model of the tropical forested boundary layer. In addition, tests are carried out to ensure that the performance of MCM v3.3.1 remains robust to more recently reported information. CRI v2.2 has also been implemented into the STOCHEM chemistry-transport model, with a customized close-variant of CRI v2.2 implemented into the EMEP MSC-W chemistry-transport model. The results of these studies are presented and used to illustrate the global-scale impacts of the mechanistic updates on HOx radical concentrations.
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| 7. |
- Win, Kaung Myat, 1976-, et al.
(author)
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Particles and gaseous emissions from realistic operation of residential wood pellet heating systems
- 2012
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In: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 59, s. 320-327
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Gaseous and particulate emissions from six residential wood pellet heating systems are determined at a realistic six day operation sequence. The study aims to investigate the total emissions from a realistic operation of the heating systems including start-up and stop phases. Five combined solar and pellet heating systems and one reference boiler without solar system with an integrated DHW preparation was tested in a laboratory at realistic operation conditions. The investigated emissions comprised carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NO), total organic carbon (TOC) and particulate matter (PM2.5). In this study, the emissions are presented as accumulated total emissions from the whole six days period and the emissions from start-up and stop phases are also presented separately to evaluate the influence of the emissions from these phases on the total emissions. Emission factors of the measured systems from the six day period are between 192 and 547 mg MJ−1 for the CO emissions, between 61 and 95 mg MJ−1 for the NO, between 6 and 45 mg MJ−1 for the TOC, between 31 and 116 mg MJ−1 for the particulate matter and between 2.1 × 1013 and 4 × 1013 for the number of particles. The emissions from the start-up and stop phases are significantly high for the CO (63–95 %) and the TOC (48–93 %). NO and particles emissions are shown to dominate during stationary operation. However, 30–40 % of the particle emissions arise from the start and stop periods. It is also shown that the average emissions of CO, TOC and particles under the realistic annual conditions were higher than the limit values of two eco labels.
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| 8. |
- Zetterdahl, Maria, 1983, et al.
(author)
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Impact of the 0.1% fuel sulfur content limit in SECA on particle and gaseous emissions from marine vessels
- 2016
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In: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 145, s. 338-345
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Emissions were measured on-board a ship in the Baltic Sea, which is a sulfur emission control area (SECA), before and after the implementation of the strict fuel sulfur content (FSC) limit of 0.1 m/m% S on the 1st of January 2015. Prior to January 2015, the ship used a heavy fuel oil (HFO) but switched to a low-sulfur residual marine fuel oil (RMB30) after the implementation of the new FSC limit. The emitted particulate matter (PM) was measured in terms of mass, number, size distribution, volatility, elemental composition, content of organics, black and elemental carbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), microstructure and micro-composition, along with the gaseous emissions at different operating conditions. The fuel change reduced emissions of PM mass up to 67%. The number of particles emitted remained unchanged and were dominated by nanoparticles. Furthermore, the fuel change resulted in an 80% reduction of SO2 emissions and decreased emissions of total volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The emissions of both monoaromatic and lighter polyaromatic hydrocarbon compounds increased with RMB30, while the heavy, PM-bound PAH species that belong to the carcinogenic PAH family were reduced. Emissions of BC remained similar between the two fuels. This study indicates that the use of low-sulfur residual marine fuel oil is a way to comply with the new FSC regulation and will reduce the anthropogenic load of SO2 emissions and secondary PM formed from SO2. Emissions of primary particles, however, remain unchanged and do not decrease as much as would be expected if distilled fuel was used. This applies both to the number of particles emitted and some toxic components, such as heavy metals, PAHs or elemental carbon (EC). The micro-composition analyses showed that the soot particles emitted from RMB30 combustion often do not have any trace of sulfur compared with particles from HFO combustion, which always have a sulfur content over 1%m/m. The soot sulfur content can impact aging and cloud condensation properties. This study is an in-depth comparison of the impact of these two fuels on the emissions of particles as well as their composition and microstructure. To evaluate the impact of the use of low-sulfur residual marine fuel oils on emissions from ships, additional research is needed to investigate the varied fuel types and compositions as well as the wide range of engine conditions and properties. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd
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| 9. |
- Tidblad, Johan
(author)
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Atmospheric corrosion of metals in 2010-2039 and 2070-2099
- 2012
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In: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 55, s. 1-6
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Climatic parameters and pollution data from the 6FP NOAHs ARK project 'Global Climate Change Impact on Built Heritage and Cultural Landscapes' together with chloride deposition data have been used to predict atmospheric corrosion of metals in 2010-2039 and 2070-2099. Maps of carbon steel and zinc show that future atmospheric corrosion of metals in Europe are dominated by the effects of chloride deposition in coastal and near-coastal areas. The change can in extreme cases be as high as one corrosivity category and in coastal areas of southern Europe corrosion can be higher than the highest values experienced today in Europe.
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| 10. |
- Anderson, Maria, 1983, et al.
(author)
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Characterization of particles from a marine engine operating at low loads
- 2015
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In: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-2844 .- 1352-2310. ; 101, s. 65-71
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Particle emissions from a marine diesel engine operating at low loads with four different fuels were characterized with respect to particle number (PN) and particle mass (PM), size distribution, volatility and chemical composition. The four different fuels used were Swedish Environmental class 1 (MK1) and class 3 diesel (MK3), heavy fuel oil (HFO, 0.12 wt% S) and marine diesel oil (MDO, 0.52 wt% S). The measurements were performed for a marine diesel engine in a test-bed engine lab and the particle emissions were measured with an Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer and a Dust Monitor, giving the number concentrations in the size range of 5.6-560 nm and 300 nm to 20 gm, respectively. To quantify the amount of solid particles a thermodenuder was used. Additionally, filter samples were taken for gravimetric, black carbon (BC) and elemental analysis. The particle emissions showed a bimodal size distribution by number and the number concentrations were dominated by nanoparticles (diameter (Dp) 50 nm generally were solid primary particles. Combustion of HFO resulted in the highest PN and PM concentrations. Emission factors (EFs) for PM and PN for both the total particle emissions and the fraction of primary, solid particles are presented for different fuels and loads. EFs for nitrogen oxides (NOx), BC and some elements (Ca, Fe, V, Ni, Zn) are presented as well. This study contributes to understanding particle emissions from potential future fuels as well as emissions in ports and coastal areas where lower engine loads are common.
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