| 1. |
- Elwér, Sofia, et al.
(author)
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Life course models of economic stress and poor mental health in mid-adulthood : Results from the prospective Northern Swedish Cohort
- 2015
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. - : SAGE Publications. - 1403-4948 .- 1651-1905. ; 43:8, s. 833-840
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aim: The aim was to analyse the association between economic stress during youth and adulthood, and poor mental health through life course models of (1) accumulation of risk and (2) sensitive period. Methods: The study was based on the Northern Sweden Cohort, a 26-year prospective cohort (N = 1010 in 2007; 94% of those participating in 1981 still alive) ranging from adolescence to middle age. Economic stress was measured at age 16, 21, 30 and 42 years. Two life course models of accumulation of risk and sensitive period were analysed using ordinal regression with internalized symptoms of mental health as outcome. Results: Exposure of economic stress at several life course periods was associated with higher odds of internalized mental health symptoms for both women and men, which supports the accumulated risk model. No support for a sensitive period was found for the whole sample. For men, however, adolescence appears to be a sensitive period during which the exposure to economic stress has negative mental health consequences later in life independently of economic stress at other ages. Conclusion: This study confirms that the duration of economic stress between adolescence and middle age is important for mental health. In addition, the results give some indication of a sensitive period of exposure to economic stress during adolescence for men, although more research is needed to confirm possible gender differences.
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| 2. |
- Gustafsson, Per E., et al.
(author)
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Residential Selection across the Life Course : Adolescent Contextual and Individual Determinants of Neighborhood Disadvantage in Mid-Adulthood
- 2013
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In: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 8:11, s. e80241-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Numerous cross-sectional studies have examined neighborhood effects on health. Residential selection in adulthood has been stressed as an important cause of selection bias but has received little empirical attention, particularly its determinants from the earlier life course. The present study aims to examine whether neighborhood, family, school, health behaviors and health in adolescence are related to socioeconomic disadvantage of one's neighborhood of residence in adulthood. Methods: Based on the prospective Northern Swedish Cohort (analytical N = 971, 90.6% retention rate), information was collected at age 16 years concerning family circumstances, school adjustment, health behaviors and mental and physical health. Neighborhood register data was linked to the cohort and used to operationalize aggregated measures of neighborhood disadvantage (ND) at age 16 and 42. Data was analyzed with linear mixed models, with ND in adulthood regressed on adolescent predictors and neighborhood of residence in adolescence as the level-2 unit. Results: Neighborhood disadvantage in adulthood was clustered by neighborhood of residence in adolescence (ICC = 8.6%). The clustering was completely explained by ND in adolescence. Of the adolescent predictors, ND (b =.14 (95% credible interval =.07-.22)), final school marks (b =-.18 (-.26--.10)), socioeconomic disadvantage (b =.07 (.01-.14)), and, with borderline significance, school peer problems (b =-.07 (-.00-.13)), were independently related to adulthood ND in the final adjusted model. In sex-stratified analyses, the most important predictors were school marks (b =-.21 (-.32--.09)) in women, and neighborhood of residence (ICC = 15.5%) and ND (b =.20 (.09-.31)) in men. Conclusions: These findings show that factors from adolescence - which also may impact on adult health - could influence the neighborhood context in which one will live in adulthood. This indicates that residential selection bias in neighborhood effects on health research may have its sources in early life.
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| 3. |
- Gustafsson, Per E, et al.
(author)
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Social and material adversity from adolescence to adulthood and allostatic load in middle-aged women and men : results from the Northern Swedish Cohort
- 2012
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In: Annals of Behavioral Medicine. - New York : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0883-6612 .- 1532-4796. ; 43:1, s. 117-28
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BackgroundLittle is known about the theoretically assumed association between adversity exposure over the life course and allostatic load in adulthood.PurposeThis study aims to examine whether social and material adversity over the life course is related to allostatic load in mid-adulthood.MethodsA 27-year prospective Swedish cohort (N = 822; 77% response rate) reported exposure to social and material adversities at age 16, 21, 30 and 43 years. At age 43, allostatic load was operationalized based on 12 biological parameters.ResultsSocial adversity accumulated over the life course was related to allostatic load in both women and men, independently of cumulative socioeconomic disadvantage. Moreover, social adversity in adolescence (in women) and young adulthood (in men) was related to allostatic load, independently of cumulative socioeconomic disadvantage and also of later adversity exposure during adulthood.ConclusionExposure to adversities involving relational threats impacts on allostatic load in adulthood and operates according to life course models of cumulative risk and a sensitive period around the transition into adulthood.
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| 4. |
- Theorell, Töres, et al.
(author)
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Job strain and depressive symptoms in men and women : a prospective study of the working population in Sweden
- 2014
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In: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. - : BMJ Publishing Group. - 0143-005X .- 1470-2738. ; 68:1, s. 78-82
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Several prospective studies have indicated increased risk of developing depressive symptoms in employees who report psychologically demanding and uncontrollable work (job strain). There are diverging findings regarding gender differences in this relationship. The aim was to analyse whether men and women differ with regard to the prospective relationship between adverse psychosocial work environment and depressive symptoms during a 2-year period.METHOD: The Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health cohort based on representative recruitment of working men and women in Sweden was used. 2731 men and 3446 women had answered questions regarding work environment and mental health in 2008 and 2010. Psychological demands, decision authority, age and income as well as depressive symptoms in 2008 were used as predictors of depressive symptoms in 2010.RESULTS: Women reported less decision authority at work and their demand level developed more unfavourably than did men's-resulting in increased job strain gap between men and women from 2008 to 2010. The relationship between demand and decision authority (and job strain) on one hand and depressive symptoms on the other hand was not statistically different in men and women.CONCLUSIONS: Overall, women reported higher levels of job strain than men. In Sweden, job strain was as strongly related to depressive symptoms among men as among women.
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