| 41. |
- Ejermo, Olof, et al.
(författare)
-
Swedish business research productivity
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Industrial and Corporate Change. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0960-6491 .- 1464-3650. ; 20:4, s. 1081-1118
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sweden experienced an increase in the ratio of granted patents to research and development spending (R&D) between 1989 and 1998, a period when R&D spending grew rapidly. The ratio of patents granted to R&D spending (research productivity) increased by 40% over the period, and the ratio of quality-adjusted patents to R&D exhibited an even more impressive increase of 60%. Sectors with especially high research productivity and quality-adjusted research productivity include low and medium technology manufacturing, chemicals and transportation. However, the growth in quality-adjusted research productivity was primarily generated by the high-tech pharmaceuticals and electronics industries. The service-based sectors experienced a significant increase in R&D spending over the period, but the research productivity decreased.
|
|
| 42. |
- Ejermo, Olof
(författare)
-
Technological diversity and Jacobs' externality hypothesis revisited
- 2005
-
Ingår i: Growth & Change. - : Wiley. - 0017-4815 .- 1468-2257. ; 36:2, s. 167-195
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent empirical evidence strongly supports Jacobs's (1969) externality hypothesis that urban diversity provides a more favorable environment for economic development than urban specialization. In order to correctly gauge Jacobs's hypothesis, economic development should be understood as a result of innovations. Furthermore, a relevant diversity measure should take into account the degree of diversity of the inherent classes (e.g. pharmaceuticals are closer to chemicals than to forestry). These ideas are tested using regionally classified Swedish patent application data as a measure of innovativeness. Patent data are also used to reflect technological diversity. The results show that the number of patent applications in Swedish regions is highly and positively dependent on regional technological specialization, quite the opposite of Jacobs's prediction. This paper raises general questions about earlier empirical results. It is concluded that the size of regions is an important factor to consider, since this in itself may affect patenting intensity and technological diversity.
|
|
| 43. |
- Ejermo, Olof
(författare)
-
Technological diversity and Jacobs’s externality hypothesis revisited
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Recent empirical evidence strongly supports Jacobs’s (1969) externality hypothesis that urban diversity provides a more favourable environment for economic development than urban specialization. In order to correctly gauge Jacobs’s hypothesis, economic development should be understood as a result of innovations. Furthermore, a relevant diversity measure should take into account the degree of diversity of the inherent classes (e.g. pharmaceuticals are closer to chemicals than to forestry). These ideas are tested using regionally classified Swedish patent application data as a measure of innovativeness. Patent data are also used to reflect technological diversity. The results show that the number of patent applications in Swedish regions, is highly and positively dependent on regional technological specialization, quite the opposite of Jacobs’s prediction. The paper raises general questions about earlier empirical results. It is concluded that the size of regions is an important factor to consider, since this in itself may affect patenting intensity and technological diversity.
|
|
| 44. |
|
|
| 45. |
|
|
| 46. |
- Ejermo, Olof, et al.
(författare)
-
The R&D-growth paradox arises in fast-growing sectors
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333. ; 40:5, s. 664-672
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several notions of a R&D paradox can be found in the literature. In the Swedish Paradox version, the emphasis is normally on high and growing levels of business R&D connected to comparatively low GDP growth rates. This paper examines whether this pattern is consistent over time and, more importantly, which sectors drive the aggregate patterns. Based on an investigation of the entire Swedish economy 1985-2001, there is clear evidence that the paradox occurs only in fast-growing manufacturing and service sectors. Fast-growing sectors show an increasing gap between R&D and value-added growth, while the slow-growing sectors do not. This paradox is not interpreted as a sign of failure of the national innovation system, as the largest gap would then be for the slow-growing sectors, failing to transform R&D to economic growth. The gap between R&D and GDP is consistent with the idea of diminishing marginal returns to R&D investment in high-investing sectors. The evidence does not rule out, however, that rendering the innovation system more effective could yield better outcomes. As the findings of a gap are quite consistent over time, it seems fair to conclude that businesses have good reasons for their high R&D investments, despite not being on par with their production growth. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
|
|
| 47. |
- Ejermo, Olof, et al.
(författare)
-
The Swedish Paradox
- 2006
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 48. |
|
|
| 49. |
- Ejermo, Olof, et al.
(författare)
-
The Swedish Paradox revisited
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Innovations and Entrepreneurship in Functional Regions.
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 50. |
|
|
