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Sökning: WFRF:(Holmér Ingvar) > Gao Chuansi

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11.
  • Gao, Chuansi, et al. (författare)
  • Gait muscle activity during walking on an inclined icy surface
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: Industrial Health. - : National Institute of Industrial Health. - 1880-8026 .- 0019-8366. ; 46:1, s. 15-22
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The objective of this study was to explain the contribution of lower extremity muscle activity to gait kinetic and kinematic adaptations for maintaining gait dynamic balance when walking on an inclined icy surface and the biomechanical mechanisms used to counteract slip risk. A two-way factorial experimental design was applied. The two independent variables were the walkway surface (ice and treadmill) and the walkway inclination (0º, 6º, 8º). The dependent variable was the amplitude of the surface EMG of four right lower extremity muscles (tibialis anterior TA, gastrocnemius lateralis GL, rectus femoris RF, and biceps femoris BF). Twelve healthy subjects (7 males and 5 females) participated in the walking trials. A two-way ANOVA analysis showed that on the icy surface in the heel contact phase, EMG amplitudes significantly decreased in TA and RF compared to those for the treadmill surface. In the mid-stance phase, the GL muscle activity significantly decreased on ice compared to treadmill and all four muscle activities increased significantly with the inclination. During the toe off phase, GL and RF activities increased with the inclination. The mechanisms identified may be applied to develop intervention, rehabilitation and training techniques, and to improve performance in human locomotion, such as for winter sports.
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12.
  • Gao, Chuansi, et al. (författare)
  • Initial, transient and steady state evaporative resistance of impermeable protective clothing
  • 2006
  • Ingår i: [Host publication title missing]. - 9623675348 ; , s. 253-261
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The measured water vapour resistances of clothing ensembles differ among laboratories particularly for impermeable clothing. Due to the moisture transfer in the clothing ensemble, evaporative heat losses in initial, transient and steady state phases are different. The purpose of this study was to investigate moisture absorption inside underwear and outer layer as a function of time, to quantify the difference of water vapour resistance of protective clothing (impermeable outer layer and cotton underwear) in initial, transient and steady state. Manikin Tore was used by wearing wet ‘skin’ to simulate sweating. The evaporative resistance is found to be more than two times higher in the initial phase than that in the saturation phase. The moisture content is gained exponentially in the clothing ensemble. On the contrary, mass loss directly from the wet skin decreases exponentially. These may partly explain the poor reproducibility while measuring the evaporative resistance of impermeable clothing for a short period.
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13.
  • Gao, Chuansi, et al. (författare)
  • Moisture absorption, mass loss and evaporative resistance of permeable clothing in a transient condition
  • 2006
  • Ingår i: Journal of Donghua University. - 1672-5220. ; 23:5, s. 54-58
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The water vapour resistance of clothing ensembles is not as commonly determined as dry thermal insulation. The measurement techniques are more complicated and the measurement values differ among laboratories. Due to complicated moisture transfer process through clothing ensemble, the moisture absorbed and evaporated varies in transient and steady state phases depending on properties, thickness of clothing, and environmental conditions. The purpose of this study was to measure moisture absorption inside hygroscopic underwear, hydrophobic and permeable outer wear as a function of time, to investigate mass loss from “skin” as well as from manikin, to quantify evaporative heat loss and total heat loss from manikin, to determine evaporative resistance of clothing. Manikin Tore was used by wearing wet “skin” to simulate sweating. Moisture content gain of the inner garment shows an exponential relation against time. Moisture in the outer permeable garment shows very small gain. On the contrary, mass loss directly from the wet skin decreases exponentially. The mass loss from the manikin is relatively stable throughout three test phases. The evaporative heat loss is about two thirds of the total heat loss from the sweating manikin. One hour measurement time is sufficient to get stable results while measuring the evaporative resistance of clothing ensembles with hygroscopic inner garment and permeable outer garment. The variation between the 1st hour and the 3rd hour is less than 5%. The length of transient period and measurement time requirement is dependent on the permeability, thickness of clothing ensembles and environmental conditions.
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16.
  • Gao, Chuansi, et al. (författare)
  • Personal cooling with phase change materials to improve thermal comfort from a heat wave perspective
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Indoor Air. - : Hindawi Limited. - 0905-6947. ; 22:6, s. 523-530
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Abstract in UndeterminedAbstract The impact of heat waves arising from climate change on human health is predicted to be profound. It is important to be prepared with various preventive measures for such impacts on society. The objective of this study was to investigate whether personal cooling with phase change materials (PCM) could improve thermal comfort in simulated office work at 34°C. Cooling vests with PCM were measured on a thermal manikin before studies on human subjects. Eight male subjects participated in the study in a climatic chamber (T(a) = 34°C, RH = 60%, and ν(a) = 0.4 m/s). Results showed that the cooling effect on the manikin torso was 29.1 W/m(2) in the isothermal condition. The results on the manikin using a constant heating power mode reflect directly the local cooling effect on subjects. The results on the subjects showed that the torso skin temperature decreased by about 2-3°C and remained at 33.3°C. Both whole body and torso thermal sensations were improved. The findings indicate that the personal cooling with PCM can be used as an option to improve thermal comfort for office workers without air conditioning and may be used for vulnerable groups, such as elderly people, when confronted with heat waves. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Wearable personal cooling integrated with phase change materials has the advantage of cooling human body's micro-environment in contrast to stationary personalized cooling and entire room or building cooling, thus providing greater mobility and helping to save energy. In places where air conditioning is not usually used, this personal cooling method can be used as a preventive measure when confronted with heat waves for office workers, vulnerable populations such as the elderly and disabled people, people with chronic diseases, and for use at home.
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17.
  • Gao, Chuansi, et al. (författare)
  • Slips and falls in a cold climate: underfoot surface, footwear design and preference of preventive measures
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-9126 .- 0003-6870. ; 39:3, s. 385-391
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Slips and falls and associated outdoor injuries are prevalent in cold climates. The objectives of this field investigation were to describe the consequences of slips and falls on ice and snow and the associated injuries, to assess the risks of various icy and snowy surfaces, to identify design needs of footwear, and to ascertain preventive measure preferences of outdoor workers. The organizations investigated were a newspaper delivery service, a military regiment, mining and construction industries. The results showed that fall events occur most frequently on ice covered with snow. This is due to the difficulty of perceiving hidden risks in order to adjust gait strategies. The professional footwear provided does not provide enough protection against slips and falls. Slip resistant properties are ranked as one of the top requirements by the users. Their most preferred preventive measures are footwear with anti-slip properties and the application of anti-slip materials, such as sand or salt.
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18.
  • Gao, Chuansi, et al. (författare)
  • The comparison of thermal properties of protective clothing using dry and sweating manikins
  • 2006
  • Ingår i: [Host publication title missing].
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The thermal insulation of clothing is commonly determined by dry thermal manikins either made of plastic or metal. For the determination of evaporative resistance of clothing ensemble, there exist three types of manikin methods: pre-wetted underwear or “skin” covered on dry manikins, the manikin with regulated constant water supply to the “skin” surface and the sweating fabric manikin based on a water filled body covered with waterproof but vapour permeable fabrics. The purpose of this study was to compare thermal insulation and moisture evaporative resistance of a set of protective clothing measured using different type of manikins. The total thermal insulation of seven EU project ensembles (Subzero A and B, Permeable (PERM), Impermeable (IMP), Nomex coverall (with two types of underwear) and Cotton coverall) were measured using the manikin Tore in Sweden, the sweating fabric manikin Walter in Hong Kong, and the manikin Newton in the UK. The results showed that total thermal insulation is reproducible for the seven clothing ensembles measured on the manikins Walter and Tore. The coefficient of variance is less than 8%. Nomex coverall with cotton underwear has 8-16% higher total insulation than that with polypropylene underwear. The apparent evaporative resistance of the impermeable coverall with cotton underwear measured on Newton was 44.5% lower than the evaporative resistance measured on Walter. The effect of condensation and conduction at room temperature environment and measuring time allowing full accumulation of moisture in clothing ensembles might be two important factors affecting the evaporative resistance.
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19.
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20.
  • Gao, Chuansi, et al. (författare)
  • The heating effect of phase change material (PCM) vests on a thermal manikin in a subzero environment
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: 7th International Meeting on Manikins and Modelling (7I3M).
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The heating effects of three PCM vests (Tmelt=32, 28 and 24 °C) were tested on a thermal manikin with constant temperature at 30 ºC in a subzero environment (Ta=-4 °C, Va=0.4 m/s). The results showed that the heating effects lasted about 3-4 hours. The highest heating effects reduced heat loss for 20-30 W/m2 on the torso during the first two hours. The results also showed that the vest with higher melting/solidifying temperature had a greater and longer heating effect. Among the three wear scenarios, the PCM vest worn directly and closely over the stretch coverall without winter jacket revealed the highest heating effect on the torso.
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