| 1. |
- Junestedt, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Förslag på utformning av ett livscykelbaserat system för kartläggning av flöden av omställningskritiska råmaterial i den svenska teknosfären
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Den 24 mars 2021 gav regeringen SGU i uppdrag att tillsammans med Naturvårdsverket arbeta för att öka möjligheterna till hållbar utvinning av mineral och metaller från sekundära råmaterial (Näringsdepartementet, 2021). Uppdraget innehåller ett antal strecksatser varav den fjärde handlar om att ge en överblick över flöden av kritiska mineral och metaller samt att föreslå system för hur livscykelanalys och spårbarhet kan utformas för att bidra till en cirkulär ekonomi. Denna rapport avhandlar en del av strecksatsen och beskriver resultatet av arbetet med att föreslå det efterfrågade systemet.Inom ramen för arbetet har det varit nödvändigt att tolka och delvis omdefiniera några av de efterfrågade delarna i systemet. I den här studien läggs tyngdpunkten på totala mängder, fördelning och användning av råmaterial, snarare än genom vilka värdekedjor ett visst delflöde av råmaterial har flödat eller vilket hållbarhetsavtryck det råmaterialflödet har orsakat. För att tydliggöra den avgränsningen benämns det system som föreslås i den här studien för ett kartläggningssystem i stället för ett spårbarhetssystem. Ett system för att spåra eller kartlägga kritiska råmaterial med syftet att bidra till en cirkulär ekonomi bör initialt inte inriktas på att samla in livscykeldata eller på att ta fram nya LCA-undersökningar, utan i stället fokusera på var olika material finns, i vilka mängder dessa förekommer samt var i livscykeln (teknosfären) dessa befinner sig och när dessa (om möjligt) kan bli tillgängliga för att återanvändas eller återvinnas. I ett uppbyggnadsskede är det därmed ett livscykelperspektiv som behövs i systemet och inte ett system för livscykelanalys.I arbetet med att ta fram och föreslå ett system har det ingått att beskriva befintliga datakällor, hur ett beräkningssystem skulle kunna utformas samt att beskriva hur datakällor och beräkningar ska kunna kombineras till ett system som också tar hänsyn till det arbete som inletts med digitala produktpass som ett led i den nya ekodesignförordningen som föreslås implementeras inom EU framöver.SMED förordar att ett framtida livscykelbaserat kartläggningssystem för kritiska råmaterial i den svenska teknosfären utvecklas med en så kallad bottom-up-ansats. Det innebär ett mer komplext system som ställer större krav på datainsamlingen än med en top-down-ansats. Samtidigt lägger det grunden för ett system som kan bli varaktigt över tid och som fullt ut kan dra fördel av den dramatiska ökningen av tillgängliga produktdata som de digitala produktpassen troligtvis kommer att innebära. Utformningen av och innehållet i produktpassen kommer regleras i den delegerade akten för respektive produktgrupp. Begränsad tillgång till produktdata har hittills varit det främsta argumentet för en top-down-ansats. Den pågående och samhällsgenomgripande omställningen av det svenska och europeiska energisystemet kommer att innebära ett växande materialberoende. SMED anser därför att kartläggningssystemet med stor sannolikhet kommer att vara relevant under lång tid framöver, vilket väl motiverar en hög inledande ambitionsnivå för att från början utveckla ett system att växa i. Systemet blir av nödvändighet mycket dataintensivt, men bygger i hög grad på data som samlas in centralt.Som framgår i flera avsnitt i den här rapporten har kartläggningssystemet utformats för att vara förenligt med de initiativ som SMED bedömer vara de viktigaste initiativen. Särskild uppmärksamhet ges åt batteriförordningen och ekodesignförordningens produktpass på EU-nivå och Avfallsregistret på nationell nivå.En framgångsfaktor för det föreslagna kartläggningssystemet blir att fortlöpande bevaka utvecklingen på området för att både säkerställa att Sveriges nationella system blir konsistent med de framväxande systemen på EU-nivå, och att identifiera och utnyttja de möjligheter till synergier mellan olika system och olika aktörer som kartläggningssystemet kommer att medföra. Inte minst har det potentialen att lindra uppgiftslämnarbördan för näringslivet, eftersom delar av den data som kartläggningssystemet behöver samtidigt efterfrågas och i många fall begärs för andra ändamål.Sammantaget kommer SMED till slutsatsen att mycket talar för att gå vidare med en utveckling av ett kartläggningssystem enligt vad som rekommenderas vidare i rapporten. För det fall de digitala produktpassen implementeras i en nära framtid och kan tillhandahålla den data som idag förespeglas kommer utvecklingskostnader och uppgiftslämnarbördor att hållas nere väsentligt. Å andra sidan, om data över flöden av kritiska råmaterial av ett eller annat skäl inte kommer att tillhandahållas av produktpassen ökar värdet av ett svenskt kartläggningssystem ytterligare, eftersom det då (så vitt vi kan förutse idag) inte kommer att finnas något annat system som kan teckna den nödvändiga kartan.
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| 2. |
- Magnusson, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Risk assessment of bilge water discharges in two Baltic shipping lanes
- 2018
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Ingår i: Marine Pollution Bulletin. - : Elsevier. - 0025-326X .- 1879-3363. ; 126, s. 575-584
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Environmental concentrations and effects of bilge water contaminants in two Baltic Sea areas were estimatedfrom modelling of discharge rates and analytical data on bilge water from seven ships. Biodegradation of bilgewater oil was accounted for and annual water concentrations were estimated to peak in late spring, whichcoincides with the beginning of a period with extensive biological activities in the sea.Concentrations on bilgewater metals were calculated both as water concentrations and as the annual contribution of metals to sediments.The predicted bilge water concentrations of oil and metal in the marine environment were estimated tobe 4 to 8 orders of magnitude lower than reported toxic concentrations. However, available toxicity data arebased on short term exposure and there is to date limited information on toxic effects of the small but chronicallyelevated contaminant concentrations derived from bilge water discharge and other operational shipping activities.
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| 3. |
- Tiselius, Peter, 1958, et al.
(författare)
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Toxicity of treated bilge water: The need for revised regulatory control
- 2017
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Ingår i: Marine Pollution Bulletin. - : Elsevier BV. - 0025-326X .- 1879-3363. ; 114:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Water accumulating in the bottom of ships (bilge water), contains a mixture of oil, detergents and other compounds from on board activities. To evaluate ecological effects of released bilge water the chemical composition and toxicity of treated bilge water from seven passenger ships was analysed. The oil content was below 15 mg L− 1, the threshold for legal discharge, in all but one ship. Still, significant reductions in feeding and reproduction of Acartia tonsa were found after 48 h exposure in dilutions with 2.5–5% of bilge water. Mortality was significant at dilutions of 5–10% in 4 of the 5 bilge water samples. Surfactants were the most significant contributor to the toxicity on copepod vital rates and survival. Toxicity was also tested with Microtox where an EC50 was found at dilutions between 4.3% and 52%. The results show that ecological effects might occur also in diluted suspensions of bilge water.
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| 4. |
- Aasa, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
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Rodenticide screening 2016–2018 Exposures in birds (raptors and gulls) and red foxes
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Rodenticides are biocidal products that are used in order to control rats and mice. This screening study aims at investigating whether chemical substances belonging to the group anticoagulant rodenticides can be detected in Swedish non-target biota, and to investigate if the levels are different compared with the results from a previous study.The levels of anticoagulant rodenticides detected in the present screening study are similar to those found in earlier studies in Sweden and elsewhere. The literature indicates that toxic effects can occur in birds at levels > 100 ng/g (liver) whereas the level > 200 ng/g has been proposed to be a threshold level in foxes. Some individuals of raptors (n =2) and several foxes (n = 7) exceed these levels in the present study. These data suggest that anticoagulant rodenticides that are transferred in the food web may cause secondary toxicity in non-target mammals and birds in Sweden. However, no pathology has been performed for the individuals of the present study that can confirm any concentration-effect relationship or reason for mortality.
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| 5. |
- Abbasi, Umar Aftab, et al.
(författare)
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Biological, structural and functional responses of tropical forests to environmental factors
- 2022
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Ingår i: Biological Conservation. - : Elsevier BV. - 0006-3207 .- 1873-2917. ; 276, s. 109792-109792
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Here, we hypothesize that the biological, structural and functional attributes of tropical forests respond to water-related climatic and soil nutrient-related factors.Thus, we quantified 27 forest attributes and 20 environmental factors across 189 plots of Sri Lankan tropical forests. Our results suggest that environmental conditions were characterized by both water-related and temperature-related factors, and as such, both coarse-textured and compacted-structured soils determined soil conditions.Forest conditions were characterized by high species-functional diversity, structural complexity and aboveground biomass-related functions. We found strong positive effects of water-related climatic factors followed by temperature-related climatic factors but negligible positive to negative effects of textured-related and nutrient-related soil factors on most of the biological, structural and functional attributes.Overall the biodiversity and carbon stocks of Sri Lankan tropical forests are likely to increase with water-energy balance and improved soil conditions, and thus, studied forests could offset a substantial quantity of anthropogenic carbon emissions to achieve carbon neutrality which can have both regional and global significance if protected from anthropogenic disturbances.
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| 6. |
- Abbasi, Umar Aftab, et al.
(författare)
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Species α-diversity promotes but β-diversity restricts aboveground biomass in tropical forests, depending on stand structure and environmental factors
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Forestry Research. - Göteborg : IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet AB. - 1007-662X .- 1993-0607.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Forest plays a vital role in the global biogeochemical cycles through a high rate of carbon sequestration and harboring biodiversity. However, local species diversity is declining while also becoming increasingly homogenized across communities. Although effects of local biotic processes (e.g., species α-diversity and stand structural heterogeneity) and environmental factors on aboveground biomass (AGB) have been widely tested, there is a huge knowledge gap for the effect of regional biotic processes (i.e., taxonomic and functional β-diversity) in forests. Here, we hypothesized that regional and local environmental factors along with biotic processes jointly regulate AGB through species shifts in tropical forests.Using piecewise structural equation modeling (pSEM), we linked climatic water availability, soil fertility, stand structural heterogeneity (either tree DBH inequality, height inequality, or stand density), species α-diversity, taxonomic or functional β-diversity (and its two components; β-turnover and β-richness), and AGB across 189 inventory plots in tropical forests of Sri Lanka. Soil fertility and climatic water availability shaped local and regional biotic processes. Stand structural heterogeneity promoted species α-diversity but declined β-diversity (but increased β-taxonomic turnover). Species α-diversity and stand structural heterogeneity promoted AGB whereas taxonomic and functional β-diversity declined (but β-taxonomic turnover increased) AGB.The relationships of AGB with species α-diversity and β-diversity varied from significant to nonsignificant positive depending on the specific combinations of stand structural heterogeneity metrics used. This study shows that local biotic processes could increase AGB due to the local and regional niche complementarity effect whereas the regional biotic processes could restrict AGB due to the regional selection or functional redundancy effect under favorable environmental conditions. We argue that biotic homogenization, as well as drought conditions, may have strong divergent impacts on forest functions and that the impacts of tree diversity loss may greatly reduce carbon sequestration.
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| 7. |
- Aggarwal, Rahul, 1994, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of data selection on aquatic ecotoxicity characterization factors for selected persistent and mobile substances
- 2024
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Ingår i: International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. - Göteborg : IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet AB. - 1614-7502 .- 0948-3349. ; 29:2, s. 344-354
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: This paper addresses the lack of ecotoxicity characterization factors (CFs) for persistent and mobile (PM) chemicals in life cycle assessment. The specific aims are (1) to provide CFs for 64 selected chemicals and benchmark them against the USEtox database, (2) to propose an ecotoxicity data harmonization strategy, and (3) to analyze the influence of ecotoxicity data sources and data harmonization strategies. Methods: Sixty-four per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), triazines, and triazoles were selected. An ecotoxicity data harmonization strategy was developed to ensure data consistency. A screening strategy for including transformation products was also developed. Existing CFs in the USEtox organic substances database (version 2.01) were identified, and new CFs were calculated based on available data sources. The USEtox model (version 2.13) was used for calculations, and the collected ecotoxicity data from different sources were varied to test their influence. Results and discussion: The ecotoxicity data harmonization strategy excluded a considerable amount of incompatible data. To the list of 64 chemicals, 3 transformation products were added. Out of the 67 chemicals, experimental ecotoxicity data were available for 47, leading to the use of in silico tools and average values to fill data gaps for 20 chemicals. CFs for 67 chemicals could thus be provided. Comparing CFs calculated based on experimental and estimated ecotoxicity data reveals that the estimated data leads to considerably different CF values. Conclusions: The paper provides strategies for ecotoxicity data harmonization and the inclusion of transformation products. The limited availability of experimental ecotoxicity data and differing results of the applied estimation methods highlight the need for further development of estimation methods. In addition, further development in including transformation products is recommended, which is particularly relevant for PM chemicals.
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| 8. |
- Akselsson, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
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A Combined Measurement and Modelling Approach to Assess the Sustainability of Whole-Tree Harvesting—A Swedish Case Study
- 2021
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 13:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The demand of renewable energy has increased the interest in whole-tree harvesting. The sustainability of whole-tree harvesting after clear-cutting, from an acidification point of view, depends on two factors: the present acidification status and the further loss of buffering capacity at harvesting. The aims of this study were to investigate the relationship between these two factors at 26 sites along an acidification gradient in Sweden, to divide the sites into risk classes, and to examine the geographical distribution of them in order to provide policy-relevant insights. The present status was represented by the acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) in soil solution, and the loss of buffering capacity was represented by the estimated exceedance of critical biomass harvesting (CBH). The sites were divided into three risk classes combining ANC and exceedance of CBH. ANC and exceedance of CBH were negatively correlated, and most sites had either ANC < 0 and exceedance (high risk) or ANC > 0 and no exceedance (low risk). There was a geographical pattern, with the high risk class concentrated to southern Sweden, which was mainly explained by higher historical sulfur deposition and site productivity in the south. The risk classes can be used in the formulation of policies on whole-tree harvesting and wood ash recycling.
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| 9. |
- Alfredsson, Eva C., et al.
(författare)
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Industrial climate mitigation strategies and the remaining fair carbon budget – The case of Sweden
- 2024
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Ingår i: Next Sustainability. - 2949-8236. ; 3, s. 100031-100031
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article explores the climate mitigation strategies of the 15 industries with the largest carbon dioxide emissions in Sweden. Starting from two carbon budget alternatives, we analyse the mitigation projections of the companies in relation to what can be considered their fair share of the remaining carbon budget for Sweden.We furthermore determine the uncertainties associated with the strategies. The results suggest that if the communicated mitigation plans are implemented as planned, the companies overdraft our main, 1.5-degree, budget option but stay within the alternative 1.7-degree budget. The analysis shows, however, that the timing and efficiency of emission reductions are crucial.Already small delays or lower efficiency in implementation, result in evident overdrafts of also the alternative budget. There are also substantial political and technical risks which can prevent timely mitigations. The article makes a novel contribution by analyzing industries’ mitigation strategies relative to their share of the remaining carbon budget.The article demonstrates the importance of transparent industrial climate mitigation strategies and in particular the need for policymakers to set incentive structures to promote strategy implementation.
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| 10. |
- Ali, Arshad, et al.
(författare)
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Big-sized trees and species-functional diversity pathways mediate divergent impacts of environmental factors on individual biomass variability in Sri Lankan tropical forests
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4797 .- 1095-8630. ; 315, s. 115177-115177
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, we used the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Models (PLS-SEMs), and other complementary analyses, on data from 189 tropical forest plots in Sri Lanka, to test the linkages amongst climate, soil, plot conditions, big-sized trees, species-functional diversity, and abiotic and biotic effects on individual biomass variability (BioVar). This study suggests that individual tree biomass variability (i.e., BioVar) should be considered for managing natural tropical forests in the context of the plant-plant interactions for species coexistence.
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