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- Passoth, Volkmar, et al.
(author)
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Gut ecology, feed digestion and performance in weaned piglets fed liquid diets
- 2009
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In: Livestock Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 1871-1413 .- 1878-0490. ; 125, s. 232-237
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Gut environment and microflora, digestibility, and performance were studied in weaned piglets in Central Vietnam fed a dry control diet (CO), a naturally fermented liquid diet (FE), and a liquid diet with inclusion of rice distiller's residue (RDR). Digesta samples were collected at the start (day 0) and at the end of experiment (day 42). Diet FE had a lower pH than diet RDR, contained more organic acids, had the lowest counts of E. coli and total coliforms (P<0.05), and the highest counts of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (P<0.05). Piglets fed diets FE and RDR had lower pH (P<0.05), and higher concentrations of organic acids in the stomach, ileum and mid-colon (P<0.05) than piglets fed diet CO. Counts of LAB in stomach and ileum were higher in animals fed diets FE and RDR than CO (P<0.05), while the number of E. coli and total coliforms along the gastrointestinal tract was reduced. The ileal digestibility of crude protein and organic matter was improved in piglets fed diet RDR (P<0.05) compared with piglets fed diet CO. Piglets fed diet RDR had a higher weight gain (P<0.05) and a better feed utilization (P<0.05) than piglets fed the other diets. The present findings support the contention that fermented diets and/or fermented feedstuffs can be used for dietary manipulation to improve gut health and animal performance. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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- Vågsholm, Ivar
(author)
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Statement on technical assistance related to the EFSA opinion on transformation of Animal By-Products into biogas and compost
- 2009
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In: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 7
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- EFSA’s Scientific Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) was asked by the European Commission to clarify i) whether additional testing for Clostridium perfringens of the end product obtained from biogas and compost transformation of Animal By-Products (ABPs) would respond to the concerns expressed in the EFSA 2005 opinion on "the safety vis-à-vis biological risks of biogas and compost treatment standards of animal by-products" and, should this was not be the case, ii) to indicate if additional testing, according to the model of method 7 of the ABP Regulation, for another pathogen than Clostridium perfringens would respond to the recommendations laid down in the abovementioned opinion. Considering that digestion residues and compost are intended to be applied on land, that land naturally contains bacterial spores and that Clostridium perfringens is ubiquitous, the BIOHAZ Panel concluded that the absence of Clostridium perfringens is not necessary. The BIOHAZ Panel also concluded that end product testing does not respond to the recommendations given in the previous EFSA opinion, which concerns the validation of the efficacy of a process
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- Messing, Ingmar, et al.
(author)
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Methods to estimate lettuce evapotranspiration in greenhouse conditions in the central zone of Chile
- 2009
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In: Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research. - 0718-5820. ; 69, s. 60-70
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study evaluates five methods to estimate crop evapotranspiration in greenhouse conditions. It compares their performance in relation to the evapotranspiration directly determined from water balance measurements (ET(lys)) in an irrigated lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) crop during 9 weeks. Daily values of the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) from Class A pan (CAP), Piche atmometers (ATM), Andersson evaporimeters (ANE), FAO-Radiation (FRE) and FAO-Penman-Monteith (PME) equations were compared. The methods showed similar temporal variations but at different ranges as follows: ANE < CAP < FRE < PME < ATM. Furthemore, ETo had a clear correlation with solar radiation. Crop coefficients (Kc = ET(lys)/ETo) varied somewhat amongst the methods, but trends were identified for two periods: in the first week, the overall mean Kc was 0.3 (+/- 0.1) and in weeks 2 to 9 on average 0.6 (+/- 0.3). The greenhouse values of Kc were lower than those generally adopted for lettuce in field conditions. In terms of irrigation design, crop evapotranspiration can be estimated by the methods in this study, on the condition that the appropriate crop coefficients are applied. The fact that ANE showed values closest to those of ETlys, along with cost and management convenience, makes it an advantageous alternative as compared to the other methods.
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- Salomon, Björn, et al.
(author)
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Evolutionary process of Hordeum brachyantherum 6x and related tetraploid species revealed by nuclear DNA sequences
- 2009
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In: Breeding Science. - : Japanese Society of Breeding. - 1344-7610 .- 1347-3735. ; 59, s. 611-616
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A hexaploid form of Hordeum brachlyantherum ssp. brachyantherum was discovered in California in 1980, and its origin has since been studied over the past three decades. We applied EF-G, a nuclear DNA sequence, to infer the parents of the hexaploid form. In polyploid taxa, amplified DNAs were cloned into a vector, and EF-G copies were amplified from the colonies by PCR and digested with restriction enzymes to separate different types. Phylogenetic analysis was performed based on the DNA sequences. The result showed that H. brachyantherum ssp. brachyantherum 6x and 4x carried one identical DNA sequence of 910 bp, and had closely related DNA sequences of 931 bp. H. brachyantherum ssp. brachyantherum 6x and H. marinum ssp. gussoneanum 2x shared one identical DNA sequence of 915 bp. From these results we hypothesized that H. brachyantherum ssp. brachyantherum 6x has evolved by an outcrossing between H. marinum ssp. gussoneanum 2x and H. brachyantherum ssp. brachyantherum 4x, followed by a chromosome doubling. Our results also indicate that H. marinum was involved in the polyploidization of H. secalinum, H. capense, and H. marinum. The origins of H. jubatum and H. depressum are discussed.
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| 8. |
- Spörndly, Rolf, et al.
(author)
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A method of estimating timeliness costs in forage harvesting illustrated using harvesting systems in Sweden
- 2009
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In: Grass and Forage Science. - : Wiley. - 0142-5242 .- 1365-2494. ; 64, s. 276-291
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A method for estimating timeliness costs, depending on dry-matter yield and nutritive value of forage is presented, and used to estimate timeliness costs, to examine different harvesting systems and to present conclusions on machinery selection when harvesting silage for dairy cows in Sweden. Timeliness costs (in euro ha(-1) d(-1)) of forage for silage were significantly higher for the first cut compared with the second or third cuts in the season. It is, therefore, important to avoid delaying the first cut. The timeliness costs also varied greatly between years. Harvesting costs decreased with increasing forage area up to a certain threshold area beyond which decreasing machinery costs were outweighed by increasing timeliness costs due to a longer duration of harvest. At increasing transport distances, the difference in cost between different harvesting systems and different sizes of machinery increased. Harvesting of forage by contractors decreased harvesting costs, particularly for small forage areas, since increased annual use of the machinery lowered the machinery costs and enabled larger machines with higher capacity to be used. To avoid high timeliness costs it is important to avoid delays in harvesting.
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- Arvidsson Segerkvist, Katarina, et al.
(author)
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Fatty acids in forages: A comparison of different pre-treatments prior to analysis
- 2009
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In: Animal Feed Science and Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0377-8401 .- 1873-2216. ; 151, s. 143-152
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The objective of this study was to compare the merits of various possible pre-treatments of samples of grass prior to fatty acid (FA) analysis. Initially, samples of both first and second cuts of a timothy ley (Phleum pratense L., cv. Grindstad) were subjected to ten different pre-treatments, including freezing with liquid N, freezing at -20°C and drying in an air-forced oven, then storage for eight to nine months. Their fatty acid contents were then determined, as fatty acid methyl esters, by gas chromatography. There were no distinct between-treatment differences in the determinations of total FA concentrations for either cut. However, there were treatment differences in the measured proportions of C16:0 and C18:0 (P < 0.01) for both cuts. There were also a few small differences (P < 0.05) in the proportions of C18:3 found in samples from both cuts, but not in their proportions of either C18:1 or C18:2. In subsequent experiments, samples from the first cut frozen at -20°C or dried in an air-forced oven were subjected to further treatments to investigate the effects of grinding and freeze-drying.. Samples of a second cut of red clover (Trifolium pratense L., cv. Betty) were also included in these experiments. There were no major between-preparation differences in the acquired data on FA composition for either the grass or clover samples. Notably, grinding had no significant effects on either the FA proportions or crude fat concentrations in the grass samples, although slightly higher (P < 0.01) proportions of C18:2 were found in the clover samples, and freeze-drying affected the FA proportions to some extent. In grass, freeze-drying resulted in lower (P < 0.05) concentrations of C18:0 and C18:1 compared to freezing alone (-20°C). If samples have to be stored for prolonged periods (such as the eight to nine months in this study) before analysis, drying seems to be a better treatment than freezing at -20°C. Freezing with liquid N was not essential, at least for the examined forages, to obtain apparently reliable information on their FA profiles. Thus, the widely used method of preparing samples prior to analysis, i.e. freeze drying and grinding, appears to be satisfactory, but drying samples seems to be as good or even better in some cases for analysing FA proportions.
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