| 171. |
- Buratti, Sandra, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Improved realism of confidence for an episodic memory event
- 2012
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Ingår i: Judgment and Decision Making. - 1930-2975. ; 7:5, s. 590-601
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We asked whether people can make their confidence judgments more realistic (accurate) by adjusting them, with the aim of improving the relationship between the level of confidence and the correctness of the answer. This adjustment can be considered to include a so-called second-order metacognitive judgment. The participants first gave confidence judgments about their answers to questions about a video clip they had just watched. Next, they attempted to increase their accuracy by identifying confidence judgments in need of adjustment and then modifying them. The participants managed to increase their metacognitive realism, thus decreasing their absolute bias and improving their calibration, although the effects were small. We also examined the relationship between confidence judgments that were adjusted and the retrieval fluency and the phenomenological memory quality participants experienced when first answering the questions; this quality was one of either Remember (associated with concrete, vivid details) or Know (associated with a feeling of familiarity). Confidence judgments associated with low retrieval fluency and the memory quality of knowing were modified more often. In brief, our results provide evidence that people can improve the realism of their confidence judgments, mainly by decreasing their confidence for incorrect answers. Thus, this study supports the conclusion that people can perform successful second-order metacognitive judgments.
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| 172. |
- Buratti, Sandra, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Regulating metacognitive processes – Support for a meta-metacognitive ability.
- 2015
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Ingår i: In A. Peña-Ayala (Ed.), Metacognition: Fundaments, applications, and trends (Intelligent Systems Reference Library Volume 76. - New York : Springer. - 9783319110615 ; , s. 17-38
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Second-order judgments aim to regulate metacognitive judgments or at least to assess the accuracy of metacognitive judgments (first-order judgments). For this reason, second-order judgments can be seen as a form of meta-metacognition. In this chapter, we clarify the concept of meta-metacognition and how it relates to first-order metacognitive judgments. Furthermore, we explain why the concept of second-order judgments is an important addition to the research literature on metacognition and why it is an important concept in the context of learning and memory. We also present a new generalizable method for eliciting and measuring the accuracy (realism) of second-order judgments in the context of confidence judgments of semantic and episodic memory performance and suggest how this method can be computer implemented. An asset of this method is that it allows for fine-grained analyses of the strategies that people use when they make second-order judgments without reverting to think-aloud reports.
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| 173. |
- Buratti, Sandra, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Stability in the metamemory realism of eyewitness confidence judgments
- 2014
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Ingår i: Cognitive Processing. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4782 .- 1612-4790. ; 15:1, s. 39-53
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The stability of eyewitness confidence judgments over time in regard to their reported memory and accuracy of these judgments is of interest in forensic contexts because witnesses are often interviewed many times. The present study investigated the stability of the confidence judgments of memory reports of a witnessed event and of the accuracy of these judgments over three occasions, each separated by 1 week. Three age groups were studied: younger children (8-9 years), older children (10-11 years), and adults (19-31 years). A total of 93 participants viewed a short film clip and were asked to answer directed two-alternative forced-choice questions about the film clip and to confidence judge each answer. Different questions about details in the film clip were used on each of the three test occasions. Confidence as such did not exhibit stability over time on an individual basis. However, the difference between confidence and proportion correct did exhibit stability across time, in terms of both over/underconfidence and calibration. With respect to age, the adults and older children exhibited more stability than the younger children for calibration. Furthermore, some support for instability was found with respect to the difference between the average confidence level for correct and incorrect answers (slope). Unexpectedly, however, the younger children's slope was found to be more stable than the adults. Compared to the previous research, the present study's use of more advanced statistical methods provides a more nuanced understanding of the stability of confidence judgments in the eyewitness reports of children and adults.
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| 174. |
- Buratti, Sandra, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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The accuracy of meta-metacognitive judgments - Regulating the realism of confidence
- 2012
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Ingår i: Cognitive Processes. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4782 .- 1612-4790. ; 13:3, s. 243-253
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract Can people improve the realism of their confidence judgments about the correctness of their episodic memory reports by deselecting the least realistic judgments? An assumption of Koriat and Goldsmith’s (Psychol Rev 103:490–517, 1996) model is that confidence judgments regulate the reporting of memory reports. We tested whether this assumption generalizes to the regulation of the realism (accuracy) of confidence judgments. In two experiments, 270 adults in separate conditions answered 50 recognition and recall questions about the contents of a just-seen video. After each answer, they made confidence judgments about the answer’s correctness. In Experiment 1, the participants in the recognition conditions significantly increased their absolute bias when they excluded 15 questions. In Experiment 2, the participants in the recall condition significantly improved their calibration. The results indicate that recall, more than recognition, offers valid cues for participants to increase the realism of their report. However, the effects were small with only weak support for the conclusion that people have some ability to regulate the realism in their confidence judgments.
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| 175. |
- Buratti, Sandra, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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The Association Between Prosocialness, Relational-Interdependent Self-construal and Gender in Relation to Burnout Among Swedish Clergy
- 2020
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Ingår i: Review of Religious Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0034-673X .- 2211-4866. ; 62:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Serving as a clergyperson is a highly variable profession and in recent decades, the role has evolved and expanded even further. Consequently, the demands have increased and with it the risk for stress-related ill-health and absenteeism. The aim of the current study was to evaluate, in a larger sample of Swedish clergy (N = 871), two possible antecedents of burnout, namely prosocialness and relational-interdependent self-construal. A further aim was to explore potential gender differences in the investigated associations. The direct and indirect relationships of prosocialness and relational-interdependent self-construal to two dimensions of burnout, exhaustion, and disengagement were investigated in a structural equation-modelling framework. The results showed that clergy who reported higher prosocialness experienced more stress in their work, in terms of both quantitative and emotional demands, which in turn was associated with higher levels of exhaustion and disengagement. But prosocialness was also found to be directly associated with lower levels of disengagement, as well as indirectly associated with higher levels of role clarity. However, no direct or indirect associations were found between relational-interdependent self-construal and any dimension of burnout. Regarding gender differences, female clergy reported higher levels of prosocialness and job demands, less role clarity, and in turn more exhaustion compared to male clergy. This indicated a more stressful situation for female clergy. Our study contributes new insights into the role that personality plays in different dimensions of burnout in clergy, as well as insights into an understanding of gender differences in burnout among clergy.
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| 176. |
- Buratti, Sandra, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of knowledge and ignorance assessments on perceived risk
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Risk Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1366-9877 .- 1466-4461. ; 22:6, s. 735-748
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated the effects of two different types of subjective knowledge assessments on the level of knowledge assessment and risk perception in five risk domains: health, environment, crime, economy, and transport (Appendix 1). The two types of knowledge assessments were regular knowledge assessments and ignorance assessments, in which the participants were asked to assess their lack of knowledge. Furthermore, the effect of the order in which the subjective knowledge assessments and risk assessments were performed was investigated. Four different experimental conditions were used to explore the effects. In the knowledge first condition, all regular knowledge assessments were performed, followed by all risk assessments. In the alternate condition, the participants alternated between the knowledge assessments and risk assessments. In the risk first condition, the participants performed all risk assessments, followed by all knowledge assessments. Finally, in the ignorance first condition, the participants performed all ignorance assessments, followed by all risk assessments. The ignorance assessments indicated higher subjective knowledge ratings than the regular knowledge assessments in the first three conditions. The order in which the regular knowledge assessments were performed had no effect on the risk assessments. However, the ignorance assessments were associated with the lowest risk assessments of all four conditions. The participants may have associated their difficulty finding examples of ignorance with a lack of risk. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
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| 177. |
- Buratti, Sandra, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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The effects of advice and “try more” instructions on improving realism of confidence
- 2013
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Ingår i: Acta Psychologica. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-6918 .- 1873-6297. ; 144:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated whether participants can improve the accuracy of their confidence judgments by making second-order judgments, and whether advice (attend both to correct and incorrect items and consider the remember/know quality of the item), and "try more" instructions can help increase participants' accuracy. The participants (n=220) made confidence judgments of their answers to 50 recall questions on a video clip. Next, all the participants were asked to try to increase the accuracy of their confidence judgments by modifying those they believed showed poor realism. Although the participants did increase the accuracy of their confidence judgments, neither the advice nor the "try more" instructions improved their accuracy.
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| 178. |
- Buratti, Sandra, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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The effects of question format and co-witness peer discussion on the confidence accuracy of children’s testimonies
- 2014
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Ingår i: Social influence. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1553-4510 .- 1553-4529. ; 9:3, s. 189-205
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Different types of social influence can affect eyewitness testimony. This study examined the effects of question format (free recall and prompts) and co-witness peer discussion on the confidence accuracy of memory reports of children aged 9–11 years. Pairs of children watched one of two perspectives of a film. Half of the pairs discussed the film; the rest discussed non-relevant topics. Children responding to prompts had a lower proportion of correct memory reports, were less confident, and showed poorer confidence accuracy compared with free recall. During free recall, the children showed near perfect confidence accuracy. No peer discussion effects were found; however, 33% of the children in the film discussion condition reported commission errors.
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| 179. |
- Buratti, Sandra, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Who knows? Knowledge activation, belief in certainty of knowledge, maximization tendencies and need for cognition in answerability judgments.
- 2017
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Ingår i: The Journal of general psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0022-1309 .- 1940-0888. ; 144:1, s. 35-58
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, investigating answerability judgments, 123 participants judged whether each of 46 general knowledge questions could currently be answered by themselves, by someone else, or by no one. There were 26 consensus questions (high expected consensus about their answerability) and 20 non-consensus questions. Before each question, half of the participants rated the extent of their knowledge related to the question. Results showed that answering consensus questions compared with non-consensus led to a lower proportion of “No one knows” answers. Moreover, in the knowledge rating condition compared with the control condition, participants choose " No one knows" proportionally less. Participants’ ratings of belief in certainty of knowledge were associated with more “Someone else knows” for the non-consensus questions. Moreover, tendency to maximization led to a higher proportion of “Someone else knows” options for the non-consensus questions. Finally, high need for cognition was associated with fewer choices of “Someone else knows.”
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| 180. |
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