| 1. |
- Bring, Torun, et al.
(författare)
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Potassium sulfate droplets and the origin of turbidity in alabaster glass
- 2006
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Ingår i: Glass Technology : European Journal of Glass Science and Technology A. ; 47:1, s. 15-18
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A study of the criteria required to manufacture multi-component semi-transparent silicate glasses, so called “alabaster” glass, has found that the optical effect is caused by non-crystal¬line potassium sulfate droplets. The droplets were characterized by use of XRD, SEM/EDX and Raman spectroscopy. The size range of the particles is in the order of 5-50 micrometers. It was found that the droplets consisted of potassium sulfate, even if other sulfate compounds were added to the glass. The amount of sulfate compound added, the melting temperature of the furnace and the melting time have significant effect on the optical density of the glass. The optical density of the glass can be correlated to the calculated surface tension of the host glass, suggesting that phase separation of a sulfate enriched liquid phase is part of the mecha¬nism forming the droplets. By adding pigments several different colours can be obtained, but the alabaster effect is not achieved during reducing conditions, thus it seems not possible to produce colours originating from reduced pigments. Pigments tested were Cr, Fe, Co, Cu, Au, Mo/Se, Nd and Ti/Ce/Se.
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| 2. |
- Bring, Torun, et al.
(författare)
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Selenium : molybdenum-based coloration of alkali silicate glasses
- 2007
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Ingår i: Glass Technology. - : Society of Glass Technology. - 0017-1050. ; 48:5, s. 213-221
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The interaction between selenium and molybdenum in reduced alkali silicate melts, resulting in red glasses has been studied. The oxidation state of Mo is Mo(VI) as evidenced by XANES and ESCA results. Selenium is present in a reduced state, as indicated by ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy and XANES. The colour is described by ultraviolet/visible spectra and CIE colour coordinates. The main absorption peaks are at 450 and 540 nm. Similar bands are reported for MoOSe32−. Several commonly used glass components must be avoided in the batch, as they prevent formation of the red colour.
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| 3. |
- Karlsson, Stefan, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Surface Analysis of float glass using Surface Ablation Cell (SAC) Part 2: Determination of the diffusion characteristics of K+-Na+ ion exchange
- 2010
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Ingår i: Glass Technology. - 0017-1050. ; 51:2, s. 55-62
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Surface Ablation Cell (SAC), a laboratory equipment for determining surface concentration profiles, has been utilised to characterise float glass surface ion exchange processes. In this paper, single-side ion exchange is reported. Data on the ion concentration profiles were used to calculate diffusion coefficients as well as the activation energy for K+-Na+ ion exchange. The air-sides of float glass samples were treated with two different salt mixtures, I) KNO3:KCl, 2:1 and II) KNO3:KCl, 1:2, and heated to different temperatures under Tg, 460-520 °C. The diffusion coefficients calculated with Green’s function were in the range I) 1.4x10-11 to 6.8x10-11 and II) 1.8x10-11 to 6.0x10-11 cm2/s while calculated according to Boltzmann-Matano I) 5.7x10-12 to 1.4x10-11 and II) 3.4x10-12 to 6.0x10-12 cm2/s. Average values of the activation energies obtained through Green’s function were I) 111.0 kJ/mol and II) 99.8 kJ/mol for the different salt mixtures.
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| 4. |
- Karlsson, Stefan, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of single-side ion exchange on the flexural strength of plain float glass and float glass containing a drilled hole
- 2013
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Ingår i: Glass Technology. - 0017-1050. ; 54:2, s. 66-71
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of single-side ion exchange (using a KNO3:KCl mixture) on the ring-on-ring flexural strength of float glass has been studied. Two ion exchanged series, treated at 450 and 515°C, were investigated. The ion exchanged samples showed approximately 160 respectively 100% increases in their arithmetic mean strength compared to as-received float glass. Furthermore, a series of samples containing drilled holes were studied in order to investigate the effect of singleside ion exchange on such common construction elements. The samples that contained drilled holes were ion exchanged at 450°C and showed around 140% increase of the fracture load compared to the untreated samples containing drilled holes. As a general observation, the ion exchange treatment induced ∼110 MPa compressive stresses (515°C) and ∼180 MPa compressive stresses (450°C). The ion exchanged samples showed no significant increase in stiffness.
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| 5. |
- Karlsson, Stefan, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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The technology of chemical glass strengthening - a review.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Glass Technology. - 0017-1050. ; 51:2, s. 41-54
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The methods of chemical strengthening for improving the mechanical properties of oxide glasses are reviewed. Chemical strengthening in compared with thermal strengthening and different methods of measuring strength are discussed. Different ions, salts and other related methods for improving the ion exchange process and mechanical properties are described as well as applications of strengthening.
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| 6. |
- Stålhandske, Christina, et al.
(författare)
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Gold ruby glasses : influence of iron and selenium on their colour
- 2006
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Ingår i: Glass Technology. - 0017-1050. ; 47:4, s. 112-120
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Colour development of gold ruby alkali silicate glasses, when various elements are added to the batch, has been investigated. Elements used in the study are selenium, iron, tin, lead, antimony, cerium, titanium and bismuth. The colours are presented and compared by their Lab coordinates. Among the elements selenium and iron are found to be important, and the role of these elements in colour development is discussed. Thermodynamic calculations show that important oxidation states are Fe2+ for iron and Se-0 and Se2- for selenium, and that higher melting temperature improves the colour, as it affects the oxidation states of both Fe and Se.
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| 7. |
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