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- Žagar, Nedjeljka
(författare)
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Assimilation of equatorial waves by line of sight wind observations
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. - 0022-4928 .- 1520-0469. ; 61:15, s. 1877-1893
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates the potential of line-of-sight (LOS) wind information from a spaceborne Doppler wind lidar to reduce uncertainties in the analysis fields of equatorial waves. The benefit of LOS winds is assessed by comparing their impact to that of a single wind component, full wind field information, and mass field data in three- and four-dimensional variational data assimilation. The dynamical framework consists of nonlinear shallow-water equations solved in spectral space and a background error term based on eigenmodes derived from linear equatorial wave theory. Based on observational evidence, simulated wave motion fields contain equatorial Kelvin, Rossby, mixed Rossby–gravity, and the lowest two modes of the westward-propagating inertio–gravity waves. The same dynamical structures are included, entirely or partially, into the background error covariance matrix for the multivariate analysis. The relative usefulness of LOS data is evaluated by carrying out “identical twin” observing system simulation experiments and assuming a perfect model. Results from the experiments involving a single observation or an imperfect background error covariance matrix illustrate that the assimilation increments due to LOS wind information rely more on the background error term specification than the full wind field information. This sensitivity is furthermore transferred to the balanced height field increments. However, all assimilation experiments suggest that LOS wind observations have a capability of being valuable and need supplemental information to the existing satellite mass field measurements in the Tropics. Although the new wind information is incomplete, it has a potential to provide reliable analysis of tropical wave motions when it is used together with the height data.
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- Augier, Pierre, et al.
(författare)
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A New Formulation of the Spectral Energy Budget of the Atmosphere, with Application to Two High-Resolution General Circulation Models
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. - 0022-4928 .- 1520-0469. ; 70:7, s. 2293-2308
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A new formulation of the spectral energy budget of kinetic and available potential energies of the atmosphere is derived, with spherical harmonics as base functions. Compared to previous formulations, there are three main improvements: (i) the topography is taken into account, (ii) the exact three-dimensional advection terms are considered, and (iii) the vertical flux is separated from the energy transfer between different spherical harmonics. Using this formulation, results from two different high-resolution GCMs are analyzed: the Atmospheric GCM for the Earth Simulator (AFES) T639L24 and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Integrated Forecast System (IFS) T1279L91. The spectral fluxes show that the AFES, which reproduces quite realistic horizontal spectra with a k(-5/3) inertial range at the mesoscales, simulates a strong downscale energy cascade. In contrast, neither the k(-5/3) vertically integrated spectra nor the downscale energy cascade are produced by the ECMWF IFS.
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- Bengtsson, Lisa, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Large-Scale Dynamical Response to Subgrid-Scale Organization Provided by Cellular Automata
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. - 0022-4928 .- 1520-0469. ; 68:12, s. 3132-3144
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Due to the limited resolution of numerical weather prediction (NWP) models, sub-grid scale physical processes are parameterized, and represented by grid-box means. However, some physical processes are better represented by a mean and its variance, a typical example being deep convection, with scales varying from individual updraughts to organized meso-scale systems. In this study, we investigate, in an idealized setting, whether a cellular automaton (CA) can be used in order to enhance sub-grid scale organization by forming clusters representative of the convective scales, and yield a stochastic representation of sub-grid scale variability. We study the transfer of energy from the convective to the larger atmospheric scales through nonlinear wave interactions. This is done using a shallow water (SW) model initialized with equatorial wave modes. By letting a CA act on a finer resolution than that of the SW model, it can be expected to mimic the effect of, for instance, gravity wave propagation on convective organization. Employing the CA-scheme allows to reproduce the observed behaviour of slowing down equatorial Kelvin modes in convectively active regions, while random perturbations fail to feed back on the large-scale flow. The analysis of kinetic energy spectra demonstrates that the CA sub-grid scheme introduces energy back-scatter from the smallest model scales to medium scales. However, the amount of energy back-scattered depends almost solely on the memory time scale introduced to the sub-grid scheme, whereas any variation in spatial scales generated does not influence the energy spectra markedly.
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- Caballero, Rodrigo, et al.
(författare)
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Midlatitude Eddies, Storm-Track Diffusivity, and Poleward Moisture Transport in Warm Climates
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. - 0022-4928 .- 1520-0469. ; 69:11, s. 3237-3250
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent work using both simplified and comprehensive GCMs has shown that poleward moisture transport across midlatitudes follows Clausius-Clapeyron scaling at temperatures close to modern, but that it reaches a maximum at sufficiently elevated temperatures and then decreases with further warming. This study explores the reasons for this nonmonotonic behavior using a sequence of NCAR Community Atmosphere Model, version 3 (CAM3) simulations in an aquaplanet configuration spanning a broad range of climates. No significant change is found in the scale, structure, or organization of midlatitude eddies across these simulations. Instead, the high-temperature decrease in poleward moisture transport is attributed to the combined effect of decreasing eddy velocities and contracting mixing lengths. The contraction in mixing length is, in turn, a consequence of the decreasing eddy velocities in combination with constant eddy decorrelation time scales.
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