| 1. |
- Hedrén, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Geographical variation and systematics of the tetraploid marsh orchid Dactylorhiza majalis subsp sphagnicola (Orchidaceae) and closely related taxa
- 2012
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Ingår i: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1095-8339 .- 0024-4074. ; 168:2, s. 174-193
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. sphagnicola is an allotetraploid marsh orchid derived from parents closely similar to present-day D. incarnata and the western European form of D. maculata subsp. maculata, suggesting that it has a postglacial origin. It extends from northwestern continental Europe into areas formerly covered by the Weichselian ice sheet in mid-Scandinavia. Here, we studied the variation at both the plastid and nuclear marker systems to describe the geographical variation in subsp. sphagnicola and its evolutionary history. We investigated whether subsp. sphagnicola is affected by secondary hybridization and gene flow from its parental lineages or from other allotetraploid marsh orchids, and we also compared subsp. sphagnicola with other allotetraploids of similar origins. We analysed 492 plants from 50 populations. Thirty-seven populations were collected as potential Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. sphagnicola, five as subsp. sesquipedalis (D. elata), one as D. elata subsp. brennensis, one as subsp. calcifugiens, one as subsp. occidentalis and the remaining five as populations with some affinity to subsp. lapponica (including D. traunsteineri). All populations were analysed for plastid haplotypes and nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) allele frequencies, and a subset of 43 populations was analysed for five nuclear microsatellite loci. Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. sphagnicola was dominated by a single plastid haplotype that was also dominant in western European D. maculata subsp. maculata, and most of the alternative haplotypes differed by only one mutation from the dominant one. There was more variation in nuclear microsatellites and ITS, and the variation was geographically structured in these markers. Subspecies occidentalis and calcifugiens shared haplotypes with subsp. sphagnicola, whereas subsp. sesquipedalis and brennensis had other haplotypes. Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. sphagnicola may have a postglacial origin within its present continental distribution. It has incorporated genetic material from D. maculata subsp. maculata by secondary hybridization and introgression, and some northern populations have assimilated strongly divergent haplotypes from the northeastern form of D. maculata subsp. maculata. Subspecies sphagnicola has also evolved morphologically divergent local populations in the north that do not differ from the typical populations in genetic markers. It may form mixed populations with other allotetraploid subspecies of D. majalis and, at least at one site, it has become integrated with subsp. lapponica, demonstrating that independently derived allotetraploids may contribute to a common gene pool. Subspecies calcifugiens seems to be derived from subsp. sphagnicola, and further studies based on a larger sample may confirm that it is better recognized as a variety. The so-called D. elata subsp. brennensis is of hybrid origin and combines markers from subsp. sesquipedalis with markers from the D. majalis core complex, possibly subsp. majalis. The new combination Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. sesquipedalis (Willd.) H.A.Pedersen & Hedren comb. nov. is provided. (C) 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 168, 174193.
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| 2. |
- Prentice, Honor C, et al.
(författare)
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Mosaic variation in allozyme and plastid DNA markers in the European ranges of Silene vulgaris and its partially sympatric relative S-uniflora (Caryophyllaceae)
- 2011
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Ingår i: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1095-8339 .- 0024-4074. ; 166:2, s. 127-148
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The perennial herbs Silene vulgaris and S. uniflora are closely related, partially sympatric and interfertile, yet morphologically distinct. We used nuclear (allozyme) and plastid (polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism) DNA markers to investigate whether these species have a shared history of postglacial colonization and hybridization in Europe, as inferred from large-scale patterns of geographic variation. The majority of plastid haplotypes and allozyme alleles were widespread and patchily distributed within both species and there was no geographic structure in the distributions of shared allozymes or haplotypes. The mosaic variation is consistent with a scenario in which repeated episodes of interspecific hybridization pre-dated the largely allopatric range expansion of the two species during the postglacial period. Our overall results are not consistent with a scenario of extensive hybridization and introgression during the postglacial range expansion of the species or within their current areas of sympatry, but we found some evidence for local, postglacial evolution and hybridization in the Baltic region. (C) 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 166, 127-148.
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| 3. |
- Bremer, Birgitta, et al.
(författare)
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An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0024-4074 .- 1095-8339. ; 161:2, s. 105-121
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A revised and updated classification for the families of flowering plants is provided. Many recent studies have yielded increasingly detailed evidence for the positions of formerly unplaced families, resulting in a number of newly adopted orders, including Amborellales, Berberidopsidales, Bruniales, Buxales, Chloranthales, Escalloniales, Huerteales, Nymphaeales, Paracryphiales, Petrosaviales, Picramniales, Trochodendrales, Vitales and Zygophyllales. A number of previously unplaced genera and families are included here in orders, greatly reducing the number of unplaced taxa; these include Hydatellaceae (Nymphaeales), Haptanthaceae (Buxales), Peridiscaceae (Saxifragales), Huaceae (Oxalidales), Centroplacaceae and Rafflesiaceae (both Malpighiales), Aphloiaceae, Geissolomataceae and Strasburgeriaceae (all Crossosomatales), Picramniaceae (Picramniales), Dipentodontaceae and Gerrardinaceae (both Huerteales), Cytinaceae (Malvales), Balanophoraceae (Santalales), Mitrastemonaceae (Ericales) and Boraginaceae (now at least known to be a member of lamiid clade). Newly segregated families for genera previously understood to be in other APG-recognized families include Petermanniaceae (Liliales), Calophyllaceae (Malpighiales), Capparaceae and Cleomaceae (both Brassicales), Schoepfiaceae (Santalales), Anacampserotaceae, Limeaceae, Lophiocarpaceae, Montiaceae and Talinaceae (all Caryophyllales) and Linderniaceaeand Thomandersiaceae (both Lamiales). Use of bracketed families is abandoned because of its unpopularity, and in most cases the broader circumscriptions are retained; these include Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceace and Xanthorrheaceae (all Asparagales), Passifloraceae (Malpighiales), Primulaceae (Ericales) and several other smaller families. Separate papers in this same volume deal with a new linear order for APG, subfamilial namesthat can be used for more accurate communication in Amaryllidaceae s.l., Asparagaceace s.l. and Xanthorrheaceae s.l. (all Asparagales) and a formal supraordinal classification for the flowering plants.
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| 4. |
- Ford, Caroline S., et al.
(författare)
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Selection of candidate coding DNA barcoding regions for use on land plants
- 2009
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Ingår i: Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0024-4074 .- 1095-8339. ; 159:1, s. 1-11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An in silico screen of 41 of the 81 coding regions of the Nicotiana plastid genome generated a shortlist of 12 candidates as DNA barcoding loci for land plants. These loci were evaluated for amplification and sequence variation against a reference set of 98 land plant taxa. The deployment of multiple primers and a modified multiplexed tandem polymerase chain reaction yielded 85-94% amplification across taxa, and mean sequence differences between sister taxa of 6.1 from 156 bases of accD to 22 from 493 bases of matK. We conclude that loci should be combined for effective diagnosis, and recommend further investigation of the following six loci: matK, rpoB, rpoC1, ndhJ, ycf5 and accD.
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| 5. |
- Knudsen, Jette, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
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Trends in floral scent chemistry in pollination syndromes : floral scent composition in hummingbird-pollinated taxa
- 2004
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Ingår i: Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. - London : Academic Press. - 0024-4074 .- 1095-8339. ; 146:2, s. 191-199
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We studied an assemblage of 17 species of bird-pollinated Ecuadorian plants (from 14 angiosperm families), including taxa pollinated by short-billed (trochiline) and sickle-billed (hermit) hummingbirds. Hummingbirds are widely supposed to ignore fragrance while visiting flowers. We collected floral headspace odours in order to test the general prediction that specialist hummingbird-pollinated flowers are scentless. In nine out of 17 of these species we failed to detect any odours using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), whereas the remaining eight species produced trace levels of volatile compounds. Most of these odour compounds were of terpenoid or lipoxygenase derivation and are commonly emitted by vegetative as well as floral plant tissues. Further studies will be required to determine whether these weak odours attract alternative pollinators, repel enemies or represent vestiges of a scented ancestry.
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| 6. |
- Kårehed, Jesper
(författare)
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The family Pennantiaceae and its relationships to Apiales
- 2003
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Ingår i: Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0024-4074 .- 1095-8339. ; 141:1, s. 1-24
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The early evolution of the flowering plant order Apiales is discussed based on information from morphology and DNAsequences from four genes (ndhF,rbcL,atpBandmatK). A model-based approach of analysis, Bayesian inference, isused to analyse the data and the results are compared with those from parsimony analysis. In particular, a new familyof the order, the monogeneric Pennantiaceae from New Zealand and Australia, aids in the understanding of howthe order originated. The ancestor of Apiales was probably a shrub or small tree with alternate, simple leaves, paniculateinflorescences, five-merous flowers with free petals, and drupes.
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| 7. |
- Lönn, Elisabeth
(författare)
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Revision of the three Boraginaceae genera Echiochilon, Ogastemma and Sericostoma
- 1999
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Ingår i: Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0024-4074 .- 1095-8339. ; 130:3, s. 185-259
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Afro-Asiatic genus Echiochilon Desf. (Boraginaceae) is revised and 14 species are recognized. The two monotypic genera Ogastemma Brummitt and Sericostoma Stocks ex Wight (Boraginaceae), earlier suggested to be close relatives of Echiochilon, are also revised to evaluate their distinction from the genus Echiochilon. There is no support for including any of the two monotypic genera in Echiochilon. Morphological aspects of the three genera are discussed. Three new species are described: E. baricutn Lonn sp. nov. and E. cyananthum Lönn sp. nov. from northern Somalia, and E. callianthum Lonn sp. nov. from Arabia. A key, descriptions, pictures and distribution maps are provided for all species of Echiochilon, and descriptions and distribution maps are provided also for Ogastemma and Sericostoma. Several lectotypes are selected and several names arc placed in synonymy.
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| 8. |
- Rothschild, Miriam, et al.
(författare)
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Cannabis sativa: volatile compounds from pollen and entire male and female plants of two variants, Northern Lights and Hawaian Indica
- 2005
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Ingår i: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0024-4074 .- 1095-8339. ; 147:4, s. 387-397
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sixty-eight compounds were identified by coupled gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in the chemosphere of Cannabis sativa L. pollen and entire male and female plants of two cultivated varieties, Northern Lights and Hawaian Indica. Twenty-one and 28 substances, respectively, were present in pollen of the two forms. To conserve the natural composition of volatiles a delicate headspace method was employed. The two varieties represent different chemotypes which distinguish themselves, in the main quantitatively, in the setup of volatiles from pollen and entire male and female plants. Twenty compounds were monoterpenes, including the five major components: beta-myrcene (E)-beta-ocimene, terpinolene, beta-pinene and limonene; 25 were sesquiterpenes, and the other 23 were of mixed biogenetic origin, including 3-methyl-1-butanol and benzylalcohol which occurred only in pollen; two pyrazines occurred only in Northern Lights females. Besides being of interest in natural products chemistry, the results should have relevance for plant systematics and for the pharmaceutical and technical applications of Cannabis. We demonstrate that the pollen has a distinct chemical character in possessing two exclusive volatiles, while lacking seven compounds occurring in males and females of both variants. (c) 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society.
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| 9. |
- Rydin, Catarina, et al.
(författare)
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The female reproductive unit of Ephedra (Gnetales) : comparative morphology and evolutionary perspectives
- 2010
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Ingår i: Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. - : Wiley. - 0024-4074 .- 1095-8339. ; 163:4, s. 387-430
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Morphological variation in Ephedra (Gnetales) is limited and confusing from an evolutionary perspective, with parallelisms and intraspecific variation. However, recent analyses of molecular data provide a phylogenetic framework for investigations of morphological traits, albeit with few informative characters in the investigated gene regions. We document morphological, anatomical and histological variation patterns in the female reproductive unit and test the hypothesis that some Early Cretaceous fossils, which share synapomorphies with Ephedra, are members of the extant clade. Results indicate that some morphological features are evolutionarily informative although intraspecific variation is evident. Histology and anatomy of cone bracts and seed envelopes show clade-specific variation patterns. There is little evidence for an inclusion of the Cretaceous fossils in the extant clade. Rather, a hypothesized general pattern of reduction of the vasculature in the ephedran seed envelope, probably from four vascular bundles in the fossils, to ancestrally three in the living clade, and later to two, is consistent with phylogenetic and temporal analyses, which indicate that extant diversity evolved after the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Notwithstanding striking similarities between living and Cretaceous Ephedra, available data indicate that the Mesozoic diversity went almost entirely extinct in the late Cretaceous causing a bottleneck effect in Ephedra, still reflected today by an extraordinarily low level of genetic and structural diversity.
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| 10. |
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